2021, komeza kunoza ivugurura ry’inganda zitanga ibyuma byubaka inganda mu gihugu cyacu, guteza imbere inganda z’icyatsi kibisi nkeya, n’impinduka zikomeye muri politiki y’inganda mu gihugu, gushyira mu bikorwa ubushobozi bwo kugenzura, umusaruro, kuvanaho imisoro yose yoherezwa mu mahanga, amavu n'amavuko yo kugera kuri karuboni ebyiri, guhangana n'ibibazo bihinduka haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yarwo, kugerageza gutsinda igiciro cyambere cyibintu bigoye cyane, Gusya kurengera ibidukikije nibindi bintu nkigiciro cyizamuka ryinshi, kumenya "kugabanya ubwinshi no kuzamura ireme "iterambere ryujuje ubuziranenge, imikorere rusange yinganda irahagaze neza, kugirango ibyifuzo byinganda bikennye kandi bikomeze kuzamuka mubukungu bwigihugu byatanze umusanzu mwiza.

1 Gukora imiyoboro yicyuma nibigaragara mubushinwa

Dukurikije amakuru y’umusemburo wasuditswe washyizwe ahagaragara n’ikigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe ibarurishamibare n’ishami ry’imiyoboro y’ibyuma hashingiwe ku mibare y’ibikorwa by’inganda z’abanyamuryango kugira ngo bagereranye amakuru y’ibyuma bituruka ku byuma bitagira umupaka, kuva muri Mutarama kugeza Ukuboza 2021, umusaruro w’icyuma cy’igihugu cyose ugera kuri miliyoni 853.62; toni, munsi ya 3,66%; Ikigaragara ni uko toni 78.811.600, zagabanutseho 4.33% umwaka ushize. Muri byo, gusudira imiyoboro ya toni miliyoni 58.832, byagabanutseho 3.57% ku mwaka; Ikigaragara ni uko toni miliyoni 55.2763, zagabanutseho 4.07% ku mwaka. Ikigereranyo cy’umusaruro w’icyuma kitagira kashe ni toni miliyoni 26.80.00, ukamanuka 3.86% umwaka ushize; Ikigaragara ni uko toni miliyoni 23.5353, aho umwaka ushize wagabanutseho 4.93%. Birashobora kugaragara ko mu 2021, umuyoboro w’icyuma w’Ubushinwa, umuyoboro w’icyuma udafite kashe, umusaruro w’imiyoboro weld hamwe n’ibikoreshwa bigaragara byagabanutse umwaka ku mwaka. Ibisohoka nibigaragara byo gukoresha imiyoboro yicyuma mubushinwa muri 2020-2021 bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1 nishusho 1.

Duhereye ku isesengura ry’imibare, imikorere rusange y’inganda zikoresha ibyuma by’Ubushinwa mu gice cya mbere cy’umwaka wa 2021, ariko ubwiyongere bw’umusaruro bugaragara ko bugufi, ugereranije n’ingaruka zatewe n’ibiciro mpuzamahanga by’amabuye y’icyuma byazamutse cyane muri Gicurasi, ibiciro by’ibicuruzwa, amasahani byazamutse cyane, cyatumye ibiciro byibyuma byazamutse cyane, ariko ubu buguzi bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku nganda zo hasi, bituma kugabanuka gukenewe. Byongeye kandi, uko inganda z’ibyuma zigabanya ibicuruzwa bikenerwa n’ibicuruzwa, byanagize ingaruka ku mishinga imwe n'imwe, ku buryo mu 2021, umusaruro w’icyuma cy’Ubushinwa wagabanutse cyane.

2. Ibiciro by'imiyoboro y'icyuma mu Bushinwa

Kuva mu Gushyingo 2020, kubera izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro by'ibikoresho fatizo nk'amabuye y'agaciro, ibiciro bya bilet na strip strip mu Bushinwa byiyongereye cyane, nk'uko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-3, ndetse n'ibiciro by'ibyuma imiyoboro.

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Igiciro cyibiciro byumuyoboro wicyuma udafite kashe, umuyoboro usudira hamwe nuyoboro wa galvanis mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2020 kugeza 2021 byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 4. Muri byo, igiciro cy’ama pound 219 mm × 10 mm cyerekana imiyoboro y’icyuma kidafite umuvuduko cyazamutse vuba guhera mu Gushyingo 2020, igiciro yazamutse kuva ku 4645 kugeza kuri 6638 muri Gicurasi 2021 (ni cyo giciro cyo hejuru kuva mu 2008), cyazamutse hafi 2000, cyiyongereyeho 42.9%; Nyuma ya Gicurasi 2021, igiciro cyamanutse kigera ku 6.160 muri Nyakanga, kigabanuka hafi 500, hanyuma kizamuka kigera ku 6.636 mu Kwakira (ku mwanya wa kabiri hejuru), hanyuma kigabanuka kigera ku 5.931 mu Kuboza. Igiciro cyajegajega kurwego rwo hejuru kuva umwaka watangira.

Umwaka wa 2021 ni umwaka mwiza ku nganda z’ibyuma mu Bushinwa kuva mu 2008, inyungu z’inganda zateye imbere cyane. Nyamara, nkimwe mubicuruzwa byinganda nicyuma, umuyoboro wibyuma ntiwigeze utezwa imbere nkibisahani, akabari, insinga hamwe numwirondoro. Impamvu nizo zikurikira: icya mbere, nubwo igiciro cyumuyoboro wicyuma cyazamutse cyane, igiciro cyumuyoboro wicyuma nticyigeze kizamuka kurwego rwo hejuru kubera ingaruka zamavuta make hamwe nigiciro gito cyo gupiganira imiyoboro ya peteroli. Ibiciro byumuyoboro wicyuma udafite kashe, urupapuro rwa galvanis, urupapuro rushyushye hamwe na rebar mu Bushinwa kuva muri Mata 2020 kugeza Mutarama 2022 herekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 5. Birashobora kugaragara ko igiciro cyamabati ya galvanised muri 2021 kiri hejuru cyane ugereranije nicyuma kidafite kashe. umuyoboro 300 ~ 750, kandi igiciro cyubwoko bubiri mumyaka yindi ni kinini kandi kiri hasi, mubisanzwe bihindagurika hafi 200. Icya kabiri, kubera izamuka rikabije ryibiciro byibikoresho bifasha kandi bifasha, itandukaniro ryibiciro hagati yumuyoboro wibyuma na bilet bikomeza kuba kurwego rwa 2020, kandi inyungu yibicuruzwa ntabwo yazamutse cyane. By'umwihariko, uruganda rukora amariba ya peteroli, rwibasiwe n’igiciro gito cya peteroli hamwe n’igiciro gito cyo gupiganira imiyoboro ya peteroli, gucunga imishinga biragoye, ibigo byinshi biri ku nyungu nke cyangwa igihombo, ibigo byihariye biracyafite igihombo.

Mu 2021, nubwo leta yahinduye inshuro ebyiri kugabanyirizwa imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga ku bicuruzwa by’ibyuma, ku buryo igipimo cy’imisoro cyagarutse kuri 0, ariko ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga by’ibyuma ntibigabanuka ahubwo byiyongera. Impamvu nyamukuru nizo zikurikira: icya mbere, kubera ingaruka za COVID-19, inganda zimwe na zimwe z’inganda z’icyuma z’amahanga ntizasubukuye neza umusaruro, kandi isoko ryarabuze igihe gito, kandi n’ibiciro mpuzamahanga by’imiyoboro y’ibyuma bifite yazamutse cyane (ibiciro by'ibicuruzwa bimwe byoherejwe hanze biruta ibyo mu gihugu); Icya kabiri, ibigo byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze bihangayikishijwe n’ibihugu bizakurikirana kugira ngo byongere imisoro ku bicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga, bityo rero byiyongere, byihutishe ingufu z’ibyoherezwa mu mahanga, ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu gihembwe cya kane bwiyongereye cyane. Ukuboza 2021, Ubushinwa bwohereje imiyoboro y'ibyuma byari 160.44% by'ikigereranyo cy'amezi 11 ashize. By'umwihariko, kohereza mu mahanga ibyuma bitagira ibyuma mu Kuboza byari toni 531.000, 203.92 ku ijana by'ikigereranyo cyoherezwa muri toni 260.400 mu mezi 11 ya mbere. Iyi nzira yakomeje mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2022.

3.2 Ibintu nyamukuru byoherezwa hanze

Nk’uko imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa gasutamo mu Bushinwa ibigaragaza, mu Bushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa mu byuma bitagira ingano mu 2021 toni miliyoni 3.3952, umwaka ushize wiyongereyeho 3,79%. Muri byo, imiyoboro yoherezwa mu mahanga idafite toni miliyoni 1.2743, yagabanutseho 9.60% ku mwaka; Amavuta meza adafite amavuta yohereza ibicuruzwa hanze toni 906.200, byiyongereyeho 2.81% umwaka ushize; Umuyoboro utagira ingano wohereza ibicuruzwa hanze toni 151.800, umwaka ushize ugabanuka 15.22%; Kwohereza ibicuruzwa mu miyoboro isudira byari toni 757.700, byagabanutseho 9.16% ku mwaka; Kwohereza mu mahanga imiyoboro idasanzwe yo gusudira idasanzwe na kare ifite urukiramende rwa toni 1,325.400, byiyongereyeho 4.41% umwaka ushize. Mu 2021, kubera ingaruka z’icyorezo cya COVID-19 ku isi ndetse n’igabanywa ry’imisoro yoherezwa mu mahanga, ubwinshi bw’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga by’amoko atatu y’ingenzi mu miyoboro idafite imiyoboro, imiyoboro itagira umuyaga hamwe n’umuyoboro wasudutse byagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara. Reba Imbonerahamwe 3 nishusho 7 yo kohereza ibicuruzwa byingenzi byicyuma mubushinwa muri 2020-2021.

3. Kuzana no kohereza mu mahanga imiyoboro y'ibyuma mu Bushinwa

3.1 Kuzana no kohereza ibicuruzwa hanze no kugiciro

Dukurikije imibare yashyizwe ahagaragara n’ubuyobozi bukuru bwa gasutamo, Mu 2021, umuyoboro w’icyuma w’Ubushinwa utumiza mu mahanga toni 349.600, wagabanutseho 7.21%; Ikigereranyo cyo gutumiza mu mahanga cyari $ 3824 / t, cyiyongereyeho 12,71% ku mwaka. Muri byo, ibyuma bitagira ibyuma bitumizwa mu mahanga t 130.500, bikamanuka 13.80%; Ikigereranyo cyo gutumiza mu mahanga cyari $ 5769 / t, cyiyongereyeho 13.32% ku mwaka. Umuyoboro usudira utumiza toni 219.100, wagabanutseho 2,80%; Ikigereranyo cyo gutumiza mu mahanga cyari $ 2671 / t, cyiyongereyeho 18.31% umwaka ushize. Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwohereje toni miliyoni 7.17 z'ibyuma by'icyuma, byiyongereyeho 4.19% ku mwaka; Ikigereranyo cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyari $ 1542 / t, cyiyongereyeho 36.5% ku mwaka. Muri byo, umuyoboro w'icyuma wohereza mu mahanga toni miliyoni 3.3952, wiyongereyeho 3,79%; Ikigereranyo cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyari $ 1.508 / t, cyiyongereyeho 23.67% umwaka ushize. Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu mahanga byo gusudira byari toni miliyoni 3.7748, byiyongereyeho 4.55% ku mwaka; Ikigereranyo cyoherezwa mu mahanga cyari $ 1573 / t, cyiyongereyeho 49,99% umwaka ushize. Mu 2021, Ubushinwa bwinjiza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga bingana na 0.41% gusa by’umusaruro w’icyuma, ibicuruzwa byoherejwe byoherezwa mu mahanga biruta umuyoboro w’icyuma ku nshuro ya mbere. Reba Imbonerahamwe ya 2 nishusho ya 6 kubitumizwa no kohereza hanze no kugereranya umuyoboro wibyuma mubushinwa muri 2020-2021.

3.3 Kuzana no kohereza mu mahanga

Mu 2021, ibihugu 10 bya mbere by’Ubushinwa byohereza mu mahanga imiyoboro idafite ibyuma ni Koreya yepfo, Ubuhinde, Leta zunze ubumwe z’Abarabu, Alijeriya, Tayilande, Oman, Indoneziya, Turukiya, Vietnam, Ositaraliya, 10 ba mbere mu mahanga bohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ni Filipine, Nijeriya, Miyanimari, Ositaraliya, Koreya y'Epfo, Peru, Chili, Indoneziya, Singapore na Kanada. Ibihugu byoherezwa mu Bushinwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu byuma byibanda cyane cyane mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya, mu burasirazuba bwo hagati no mu tundi turere, aho muri Aziya y’amajyepfo y’amajyepfo, Ikigobe n’utundi turere bingana na 40% by’ibyoherezwa mu Bushinwa. Mu gihe mu Burayi, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, ari umwe mu bakoresha cyane ibyuma, ariko kuva ikibazo cy’amafaranga ku isi cyabaye mu 2008, aka karere gakomeje gutangiza iperereza ku muti w’ubucuruzi w’umuyoboro w’icyuma mu gihugu cyacu, ubu ibyoherezwa mu karere k’ibyuma umuyoboro urenga munsi ya 6%, Ubushinwa bwohereza ibicuruzwa bibiri mu mahanga (imiyoboro y'amavuta, umuyoboro w'umurongo) biri hafi muri ibi bihugu n'uturere. Umubare w’ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu byuma by’Ubushinwa n’ibihugu cyangwa akarere muri 2020-2021 bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8.