Apẹrẹ olokiki fun Olupese A355 P9 P11 4130 42CrMo 15CrMo Alloy Carbon Steel Pipe St37 C45 Sch40 A106 Gr. B A53 Irin Pipe
Idojukọ wa lori yẹ ki o jẹ lati fese ati mu didara ati iṣẹ ti awọn ọja lọwọlọwọ wa, lakoko yii nigbagbogbo gbejade awọn ọja tuntun lati pade awọn ibeere alabara alailẹgbẹ fun Apẹrẹ olokiki fun Olupese A355 P9 P11 4130 42CrMo 15CrMo Alloy Carbon Steel Pipe St37 C45 Sch40 A106 Gr. B A53 Alailowaya Irin Pipe, A nigbagbogbo duro pẹlu ilana ti "Iduroṣinṣin, ṣiṣe, Innovation ati Win-Win owo". Kaabo lati ṣabẹwo si oju-iwe wẹẹbu wa ati ma ṣe ṣiyemeji lati ba wa sọrọ. Ṣe o ṣetan? ? ? Jẹ ki a lọ!!!
Idojukọ wa lori yẹ ki o jẹ lati ṣopọ ati mu didara ati iṣẹ ti awọn ọja lọwọlọwọ pọ si, lakoko yii nigbagbogbo gbejade awọn ọja tuntun lati pade awọn ibeere awọn alabara alailẹgbẹ funChina Irin Pipe ati Irin Tube, A pese iṣẹ ti oye, idahun ni kiakia, ifijiṣẹ akoko, didara to dara julọ ati owo ti o dara julọ si awọn onibara wa. Itẹlọrun ati kirẹditi to dara si gbogbo alabara jẹ pataki wa. A dojukọ gbogbo alaye ti sisẹ aṣẹ fun awọn alabara titi ti wọn yoo fi gba awọn ohun ailewu ati ohun pẹlu iṣẹ eekaderi to dara ati idiyele ọrọ-aje. Ti o da lori eyi, awọn ọja wa ati awọn solusan wa ni tita daradara ni awọn orilẹ-ede ni Afirika, Mid-East ati Guusu ila oorun Asia. Ni ibamu si imoye iṣowo ti 'onibara akọkọ, ṣaju siwaju', a fi tọkàntọkàn gba awọn onibara lati ile ati ni okeere lati ṣe ifowosowopo pẹlu wa.
Akopọ
| Standard: ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ Ite: P5,P9,P11,P22,P91,P92 Abbl. | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | Paipu Pataki: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo
O ti wa ni o kun lo lati ṣe ga-didara alloy irin igbomikana pipe, ooru paarọ paipu, ga titẹ nya paipu fun Epo ilẹ ati kemikali ile ise
Akọkọ ite
Ite ti ga-didara alloy pipe
5,P9,P11,P22,P91,P92 ati be be lo
Ohun elo Kemikali
| Ipele | UN | C≤ | Mn | P≤ | S≤ | Si≤ | Cr | Mo |
| Sequiv. | ||||||||
| P1 | K11522 | 0.10 ~ 0.20 | 0.30 ~ 0.80 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.10 ~ 0.50 | – | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P2 | K11547 | 0.10 ~ 0.20 | 0.30 ~ 0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.10 ~ 0.30 | 0.50 ~ 0.81 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P5 | K41545 | 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 4.00 ~ 6.00 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P5b | K51545 | 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.00 ~ 2.00 | 4.00 ~ 6.00 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P5c | K41245 | 0.12 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 4.00 ~ 6.00 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P9 | S50400 | 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.50 ~ 1.00 | 8.00 ~ 10.00 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P11 | K11597 | 0.05 ~ 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.50 ~ 1.00 | 1.00 ~ 1.50 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P12 | K11562 | 0.05 ~ 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 0.80 ~ 1.25 | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P15 | K11578 | 0.05 ~ 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.15 ~ 1.65 | – | 0.44 ~ 0.65 |
| P21 | K31545 | 0.05 ~ 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 2.65 ~ 3.35 | 0.80 ~ 1.60 |
| P22 | K21590 | 0.05 ~ 0.15 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.5 | 1.90 ~ 2.60 | 0.87 ~ 1.13 |
| P91 | K91560 | 0.08 ~ 0.12 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.20 ~ 0.50 | 8.00 ~ 9.50 | 0.85 ~ 1.05 |
| P92 | K92460 | 0.07 ~ 0.13 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.5 | 8.50 ~ 9.50 | 0.30 ~ 0.60 |
Apejuwe Tuntun ti iṣeto ni ibamu pẹlu Iwa E 527 ati SAE J1086, Iṣeṣe fun Nọmba Awọn irin ati Alloys (UNS). B Grade P 5c yoo ni akoonu titanium ti ko kere ju awọn akoko 4 akoonu erogba ko si ju 0.70%; tabi akoonu columbium ti 8 si 10 ni igba akoonu erogba.
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini ẹrọ | P1,P2 | P12 | P23 | P91 | P92,P11 | P122 |
| Agbara fifẹ | 380 | 415 | 510 | 585 | 620 | 620 |
| Agbara ikore | 205 | 220 | 400 | 415 | 440 | 400 |
Ooru Itọju
| Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, ati P22 | Iwọn otutu F [C] | ||
| A335 P5 (b,c) | Kikun tabi Isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| Anneal Subcritical (P5c nikan) | ***** | 1325 – 1375 [715-745] | |
| A335 P9 | Kikun tabi Isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| A335 P11 | Kikun tabi Isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize ati Ibinu | ***** | 1200 [650] | |
| A335 P22 | Kikun tabi Isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250 [675] | |
| A335 P91 | Normalize ati Ibinu | Ọdun 1900-1975 [1040 - 1080] | 1350-1470 [730 - 800] |
| Quench ati Ibinu | Ọdun 1900-1975 [1040 - 1080] | 1350-1470 [730 - 800] |
Ifarada
Fun paipu ti a paṣẹ si inu iwọn ila opin, iwọn ila opin inu ko ni yatọ ju 6 1% lati inu iwọn ila opin ti a pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o yọọda ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | in | mm | in | mm |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, pẹlu | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 si 4, pẹlu. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 si 8, pẹlu | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 si 12, pẹlu. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | 6 1% ti pato ita opin |
Ibeere idanwo
Idanwo Hydraustatic:
Paipu Irin yẹ ki o ṣe idanwo Hydraulically Ọkan Nipa Ọkan. Iwọn Idanwo ti o pọju jẹ 20 MPa. Labẹ Ipa Igbeyewo, Akoko Imuduro yẹ ki o Ko kere ju 10 S, Ati Pipe Irin ko yẹ ki o jo.
Lẹhin ti Olumulo Gba, Idanwo Hydraulic le Rọpo nipasẹ Idanwo Eddy lọwọlọwọ Tabi Idanwo Leakage Flux oofa.
Idanwo ti ko ni iparun:
Awọn paipu ti o nilo Ayẹwo diẹ sii yẹ ki o ṣe ayẹwo Ultrasonically Ọkan nipasẹ Ọkan. Lẹhin Idunadura Nbeere Gbigbanilaaye ti Ẹka Ati Ti Ni pato ninu Adehun naa, Idanwo miiran ti kii ṣe iparun le ṣe afikun.
Idanwo fifẹ:
Awọn tubes Pẹlu Iwọn Iwọn ita ti o tobi ju 22 mm yoo wa labẹ Idanwo Fifẹ. Ko si Delamination ti o han, Awọn aaye funfun, tabi awọn aimọ yẹ ki o waye lakoko idanwo gbogbo.
Idanwo Lile:
Fun paipu ti Awọn giredi P91, P92, P122, ati P911, Brinell, Vickers, tabi Rockwell awọn idanwo lile ni ao ṣe lori apẹrẹ lati ọpọlọpọ kọọkan
Idanwo tẹ:
Fun paipu ti iwọn ila opin rẹ kọja NPS 25 ati iwọn ila opin rẹ si ipin sisanra ogiri jẹ 7.0 tabi kere si ni yoo tẹri si idanwo tẹ dipo idanwo fifẹ. Paipu miiran ti iwọn ila opin rẹ dọgba tabi ju NPS 10 lọ ni a le fun ni idanwo tẹ ni aaye ti idanwo fifẹ koko ọrọ si ifọwọsi ti olura.
Alaye ọja
Fidio
Tube igbomikana
GB / T5310-2017
ASME SA-106 / SA-106M-2015
ASTMA210 (A210M) -2012
ASME SA-213 / SA-213M
ASTM A335 / A335M-2018
Idojukọ wa lori yẹ ki o jẹ lati fese ati mu didara ati iṣẹ ti awọn ọja lọwọlọwọ wa, lakoko yii nigbagbogbo gbejade awọn ọja tuntun lati pade awọn ibeere alabara alailẹgbẹ fun Apẹrẹ olokiki fun Olupese A355 P9 P11 4130 42CrMo 15CrMo Alloy Carbon Steel Pipe St37 C45 Sch40 A106 Gr. B A53 Alailowaya Irin Pipe, A nigbagbogbo duro pẹlu ilana ti "Iduroṣinṣin, ṣiṣe, Innovation ati Win-Win owo". Kaabo lati ṣabẹwo si oju-iwe wẹẹbu wa ati ma ṣe ṣiyemeji lati ba wa sọrọ. Ṣe o ṣetan? ? ? Jẹ ki a lọ!!!
Apẹrẹ olokiki funChina Irin Pipe ati Irin Tube, A pese iṣẹ ti oye, idahun ni kiakia, ifijiṣẹ akoko, didara to dara julọ ati owo ti o dara julọ si awọn onibara wa. Itẹlọrun ati kirẹditi to dara si gbogbo alabara jẹ pataki wa. A dojukọ gbogbo alaye ti sisẹ aṣẹ fun awọn alabara titi ti wọn yoo fi gba awọn ohun ailewu ati ohun pẹlu iṣẹ eekaderi to dara ati idiyele ọrọ-aje. Ti o da lori eyi, awọn ọja wa ati awọn solusan wa ni tita daradara ni awọn orilẹ-ede ni Afirika, Mid-East ati Guusu ila oorun Asia. Ni ibamu si imoye iṣowo ti 'onibara akọkọ, ṣaju siwaju', a fi tọkàntọkàn gba awọn onibara lati ile ati ni okeere lati ṣe ifowosowopo pẹlu wa.
ASTM A335 P5jẹ ohun elo alloy, irin ailopin ferritic ga otutu paipu ti American bošewa. Alloy tube jẹ iru tube irin ti ko ni idọti, iṣẹ rẹ ga julọ ju ọpọn irin ti o wọpọ lọ, nitori iru tube irin yii ni diẹ sii C, iṣẹ naa kere ju tube irin-irin ti o wọpọ, nitorina tube alloy ti wa ni lilo pupọ. ni Epo ilẹ, Aerospace, kemikali, ina mọnamọna, igbomikana, ologun ati awọn ile-iṣẹ miiran.
Alloy Steel pipe ni awọn iwọn idaran ti awọn eroja miiran yatọ si erogba gẹgẹbi nickel, chromium, silikoni, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium ati awọn iye to lopin ti awọn eroja miiran ti a gba nigbagbogbo gẹgẹbi manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorous
Ibamu irin alloy abele: 1Cr5Mo GB 9948-2006 “Iwọn Pipe Irin Pipe fun Gbigbọn Epo”
- Isanwo: 30% Idogo, 70% L/C Tabi B/L Daakọ Tabi 100% L/C Ni Oju
- Min.Order Opoiye: 1 PC
- Agbara Ipese: Ọdọọdun 20000 Tọnu Oja Ti Pipe Irin
- Akoko asiwaju: Awọn ọjọ 7-14 Ti o ba wa ni Iṣura, Awọn ọjọ 30-45 Lati Ṣejade
- Iṣakojọpọ: Black Vanishing, Bevel Ati fila Fun Gbogbo Pipe Kan; OD Ni isalẹ 219mm Nilo Lati Ṣe akopọ Ni Lapapo, Ati Lapapo kọọkan Ko kọja Awọn Toonu 2.
Akopọ
| Iwọnwọn:ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ ipele: P5 | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | Paipu Pataki: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo
O ti wa ni akọkọ Lo Lati Ṣe Didara Aloy Alloy Steel Boiler Pipe, Ooru Paṣipaapa Pipa, Giga Titẹ Nya Pipe Fun Epo ati Kemikali ile ise
Ohun elo Kemikali
| Awọn akojọpọ | Data |
| UNS Designa-iṣẹ | K41545 |
| Erogba (o pọju) | 0.15 |
| Manganese | 0.30-0.60 |
| Phosphorus (ti o pọju) | 0.025 |
| Silikoni (ti o pọju) | 0.50 |
| Chromium | 4.00-6.00 |
| Molybdenum | 0.45-0.65 |
| Awọn eroja miiran | … |
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini | Data |
| Agbara Fifẹ, Min, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Agbara ikore, Min, (MPa) | 205 Mpa |
| Ilọsiwaju, Min, (%), L/T | 30/20 |
Ooru Itọju
| Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing Tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, Ati P22 | Iwọn otutu F [C] | ||
| A335 P5 (B,C) | Full Tabi isothermal Anneal | ||
| A335 P5b | Normalize Ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250 [675] |
| A335 P5c | Subcritical Anneal | ***** | 1325 – 1375 [715-745] |
Ifarada
Fun Pipe Paapu Si Inu Inu, Iwọn Inu Ko Ni Yato Diẹ sii ju ± 1% Lati Iwọn Inu Inu Ti pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o gba laaye Ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | Ifarada to dara | odi ifarada | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, Incl | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 Si 4, Incl. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 Si 8, Incl | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 Si 12, Incl. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | ± 1% Ti pato Ita Iwọn opin | |||
Ibeere idanwo
Idanwo Hydraustatic:
Paipu Irin yẹ ki o ṣe idanwo Hydraulically Ọkan Nipa Ọkan. Iwọn Idanwo ti o pọju jẹ 20 MPa. Labẹ Ipa Igbeyewo, Akoko Imuduro yẹ ki o Ko kere ju 10 S, Ati Pipe Irin ko yẹ ki o jo.
Lẹhin ti Olumulo Gba, Idanwo Hydraulic le Rọpo nipasẹ Idanwo Eddy lọwọlọwọ Tabi Idanwo Leakage Flux oofa.
Idanwo ti ko ni iparun:
Awọn paipu ti o nilo Ayẹwo diẹ sii yẹ ki o ṣe ayẹwo Ultrasonically Ọkan nipasẹ Ọkan. Lẹhin Idunadura Nbeere Gbigbanilaaye ti Ẹka Ati Ti Ni pato ninu Adehun naa, Idanwo miiran ti kii ṣe iparun le ṣe afikun.
Idanwo fifẹ:
Awọn tubes Pẹlu Iwọn Iwọn ita ti o tobi ju 22 mm yoo wa labẹ Idanwo Fifẹ. Ko si Delamination ti o han, Awọn aaye funfun, tabi awọn aimọ yẹ ki o waye lakoko idanwo gbogbo.
Idanwo Lile:
Fun Pipe ti Awọn gilaasi P91, P92, P122, Ati P911, Brinell, Vickers, Tabi Awọn Idanwo Lile Rockwell yoo ṣee ṣe Lori Apeere Lati Ọpọ kọọkan
Idanwo tẹ:
Fun Paipu Ti Iwọn Rẹ Tayọ NPS 25 Ati Iwọn Rẹ Si Iwọn Sisanra Odi Jẹ 7.0 Tabi Kere Ni Yoo Wa labẹ Idanwo Titẹ Dipo Ti Idanwo Filati. Paipu Omiiran Ti Iwọn Rẹ dọgba tabi O kọja NPS 10 Ṣe O le Fun Idanwo Titẹ Ni aaye Ti Idanwo Fifẹ Koko-ọrọ si Ifọwọsi ti Olura.
Ohun elo & iṣelọpọ
Paipu le jẹ boya ti pari gbona tabi iyaworan tutu pẹlu itọju ooru ipari ti a ṣe akiyesi ni isalẹ.
Ooru Itọju
- A/N+T
- N+T/Q+T
- N+T
Mechanical Igbeyewo Pato
- Idanwo Ẹdọfu Iyipada tabi Gigun ati Idanwo Fifẹ, Idanwo Lile, tabi Idanwo Titẹ
- Fun ooru ohun elo ti a tọju ni ileru iru ipele, awọn idanwo yoo ṣee ṣe lori 5% paipu lati ibi itọju kọọkan. Fun ọpọlọpọ kekere, o kere ju paipu kan ni a gbọdọ ṣe idanwo.
- Fun ooru ohun elo ti a tọju nipasẹ ilana lilọsiwaju, awọn idanwo yoo ṣee ṣe lori nọmba pipe ti paipu lati jẹ 5% ti Pupo, ṣugbọn ni ọran ko kere ju paipu 2.
Awọn akọsilẹ fun Idanwo Titẹ:
- Fun paipu ti iwọn ila opin rẹ kọja NPS 25 ati iwọn ila opin rẹ si ipin sisanra ogiri jẹ 7.0 tabi kere si ni yoo tẹri si idanwo tẹ dipo idanwo fifẹ.
- Paipu miiran ti iwọn ila opin rẹ dọgba tabi ju NPS 10 lọ ni a le fun ni idanwo tẹ ni aaye ti idanwo fifẹ koko ọrọ si ifọwọsi ti olura.
- Awọn apẹẹrẹ idanwo tẹ ni yoo tẹ ni iwọn otutu yara nipasẹ 180 laisi fifọ ni ita ti ipin ti tẹ.
ASTM A335 P5Awọn ọpọn irin alailẹgbẹ jẹ o dara fun omi, nya si, hydrogen, epo ekan, bbl Ti a ba lo fun oru omi, iwọn otutu ti o pọ julọ jẹ 650℃; Nigbati a ba lo ni alabọde ṣiṣẹ gẹgẹbi epo ekan, o ni ipata ipata imi-ọjọ ti o dara, ati pe a lo nigbagbogbo ni awọn ipo ipata imi-ọjọ otutu ti 288 ~ 550.℃.
Ilana iṣelọpọ:
1. Yiyi gbigbona (irin tube ti a ko ni itọlẹ) : yika tube billet → alapapo → perforation → yiyi agbelebu mẹta-yiyi, yiyi lilọsiwaju tabi extrusion → yiyọ tube → iwọn (tabi dinku) → itutu → taara → idanwo titẹ omi (tabi wiwa abawọn abawọn). ) → isamisi → ibi ipamọ
2. Tutu iyaworan (yiyi) tube irin ti ko ni alaini: yika tube billet → alapapo → perforation → akọle → annealing → pickling → oiling (plating bàbà) → iyaworan tutu-ọpọlọpọ (yiyi tutu) → tube òfo → itọju ooru → taara → omi idanwo titẹ (wiwa abawọn) → isamisi → ibi ipamọ
Awọn oju iṣẹlẹ elo:
Ni oju aye ati awọn ẹrọ igbale fun sisẹ epo robi sulfur giga-giga,ASTM A335 P5Awọn tubes irin alailẹgbẹ ni a lo ni akọkọ fun awọn opo gigun ti isalẹ ti oju aye ati awọn ile-iṣọ igbale, awọn tubes ileru ti oju aye ati awọn ileru igbale, awọn apakan iyara giga ti oju aye ati awọn laini iyipada epo igbale ati awọn epo otutu otutu miiran ati awọn pipeline gaasi ti o ni imi-ọjọ.
Ni awọn ẹya FCC,ASTM A335 P5Awọn ọpọn irin alailẹgbẹ ni a lo ni pataki ni slurry otutu otutu, ayase ati ipadabọ awọn opo gigun ti epo, ati diẹ ninu awọn epo imi-ọjọ otutu miiran ati awọn pipelines gaasi.
Ni idaduro coking kuro,ASTM A335 P5paipu irin alailẹgbẹ jẹ lilo akọkọ fun paipu ifunni iwọn otutu giga ni isalẹ ti ile-iṣọ coke ati epo iwọn otutu giga ati paipu gaasi ni oke ile-iṣọ coke, paipu ileru ni isalẹ ileru coke, paipu ni isalẹ ile-iṣọ fracking ati diẹ ninu awọn miiran. epo otutu giga ati paipu gaasi ti o ni imi-ọjọ.
Alloy Steel pipe ni awọn iwọn idaran ti awọn eroja miiran yatọ si erogba gẹgẹbi nickel, chromium, silikoni, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium ati awọn iye to lopin ti awọn eroja miiran ti a gba nigbagbogbo gẹgẹbi manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorous.
ASTM A335 P9 jẹ ohun elo alloy, irin ailopin ferritic ga otutu paipu ti American bošewa. Alloy tube jẹ iru tube irin ti ko ni idọti, iṣẹ rẹ ga julọ ju ọpọn irin ti o wọpọ lọ, nitori iru tube irin yii ni diẹ sii C, iṣẹ naa kere ju tube irin-irin ti o wọpọ, nitorina tube alloy ti wa ni lilo pupọ. ni Epo ilẹ, Aerospace, kemikali, ina mọnamọna, igbomikana, ologun ati awọn ile-iṣẹ miiran.
A335 P9jẹ iwọn otutu giga chromium-molybdenum alloy ooru sooro irin ti a ṣe ni ibamu si boṣewa Amẹrika. Nitori ti awọn oniwe-o tayọ ifoyina resistance, ga otutu agbara ati sulfide ipata resistance, o ti wa ni o gbajumo ni lilo ni ga otutu ati ki o ga titẹ inflammable ati ibẹjadi pipelines ti Epo refining eweko, paapa taara ooru pipe ti alapapo ileru, alabọde otutu le de ọdọ 550 ~ 600 ℃ .
Ibamu irin alloy abele: 1Cr5Mo GB 9948-2006 “Iwọn Pipe Irin Pipe fun Gbigbọn Epo”
Akopọ
| Iwọnwọn:ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ ite: P9 | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | pecial Pipe: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo Kemikali
Ipilẹ kemikali ti awọn paipu irin alailẹgbẹ fun jija epo epo
| ASTM A335M | C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo |
| P9 | ≦0.15 | 0.25-1.00 | 0.30-0.60 | ≦0.025 | ≦0.025 | 8.00-10.00 | 0.90-1.10 |
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini | Data |
| Agbara fifẹ, min, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Agbara ikore, min, (MPa) | 205 Mpa |
| Ilọsiwaju, min, (%), L/T | 14 |
| HB | 180 |
Ooru Itọju
|
Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing Tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, Ati P22 | |||
| A335 P9 | Full Tabi isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize Ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250 [675] |
A335 P9le ṣe itọju ooru nipasẹ annealing tabi normalizing + tempering lakọkọ. Annealing ilana itutu iyara ni o lọra, ni ipa awọn gbóògì ilu, gbóògì ilana jẹ soro lati sakoso, ati ki o ga iye owo; Nitorina, awọn gangan gbóògì ṣọwọn lo annealing ooru itọju ilana, igba lo normalizing + tempering ooru itọju dipo ti annealing ilana, lati se aseyori ise gbóògì.
A335 P9irin nitori pe ko ni V, Nb ati awọn eroja microalloying miiran, nitorinaa iwọn otutu deede ju A335 P91 irin jẹ kekere, 950 ~ 1050 ℃, dimu fun 1h, ilana naa nigba ti o ṣe deede julọ ti carbide ni tituka ṣugbọn ko si idagbasoke ọkà ti o han, ṣugbọn iwọn otutu deede ti o ga julọ jẹ itara si isokuso ọkà austenite: iwọn otutu otutu jẹ 740-790 ℃, lati le gba líle kekere, akoko iwọn otutu yẹ ki o gbooro sii ni deede.
Ifarada
Fun Pipe Paapu Si Inu Inu, Iwọn Inu Ko Ni Yato Diẹ sii ju ± 1% Lati Iwọn Inu Inu Ti pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o gba laaye Ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | Ifarada to dara | odi ifarada | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, Incl | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 Si 4, Incl. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 Si 8, Incl | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 Si 12, Incl. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | ± 1% Ti pato | |||
Ilana iṣelọpọ:
A335 ti a ṣe ni ibamu si awọn ẹrọ ipo ti Tianjin irin pipe ati awọn abuda kan tiA335 P9Ilana idanwo P9 irin ti paipu irin alailowaya:Electric arc ileru steelmaking → ladle refining → igbale degassing → kú simẹnti → tube òfo forging → tube òfo annealing → tube òfo alapapo → oblique lilu → PQF lemọlemọfún tube sẹsẹ ọlọ tube sizing → mẹta-eerun iwọn → itutu ibusun itutu → tube opin Gege si gige → irin pipe pipe → wiwa ṣiṣan ṣiṣan oofa → itọju ooru → taara → iwari abawọn ultrasonic → idanwo hydraulic → iwọn ati ayewo irisi → ibi ipamọ.
ilana iṣelọpọ:
| Nọmba nkan | ilana iṣelọpọ | Igbese ati Iṣakoso Didara | |||
| 1 | Apejọ ayẹwo-tẹlẹ | Awọn iṣẹju ti ipade | |||
| 2 | ASEA-SKF | Ṣatunṣe akojọpọ kemikali | |||
| * Itupalẹ akojọpọ kemikali | |||||
| * yo otutu | |||||
| 3 | CCM | billet | |||
| 4 | Aise ohun elo ayewo | Ayewo òfo ati idaniloju didara | |||
| * Ipo ifarahan: Ilẹ ti billet yẹ ki o jẹ laisi awọn abawọn gẹgẹbi ipalara, slag, pinholes, cracks, bbl | |||||
| 5 | Alapapo òfo | Alapapo billets ni a Rotari ileru | |||
| * Ṣakoso iwọn otutu alapapo | |||||
| 6 | paipu perforation | Pierce pẹlu itọnisọna / awo itọnisọna Punch | |||
| * Ṣakoso iwọn otutu nigba lilu | |||||
| * Ṣakoso iwọn lẹhin perforation | |||||
| 7 | Gbona Rolled | Gbona sẹsẹ ni lemọlemọfún tube Mills | |||
| * Ṣeto sisanra ogiri paipu | |||||
| 8 | Iwọn | Iṣakoso ita opin ati odi sisanra mefa | |||
| * Pipe lode opin machining | |||||
| * Pari odi sisanra machining | |||||
| 9 | kemikali tiwqn | Iṣiro ti akopọ kemikali | |||
| * Awọn ibeere gbigba fun akojọpọ kemikali. Awọn abajade ti igbekale kemikali yẹ ki o gba silẹ ninu iwe ohun elo. | |||||
| 10 | Normalizing + Tempering | Ooru itọju (normalizing) ti wa ni ṣe lẹhin gbona yiyi. Itọju igbona yẹ ki o san ifojusi si iṣakoso iwọn otutu ati iye akoko. | |||
| Lẹhin itọju ooru, awọn ohun-ini ẹrọ ti ọja yẹ ki o pade boṣewa ASTM A335 | |||||
| 11 | air itutu | Igbesẹ-nipasẹ-Igbese ibusun itutu agbaiye | |||
| 12 | sawing | Sawing to pàtó kan ipari | |||
| * Irin pipe Iṣakoso ipari | |||||
| 13 | Titọ (ti o ba jẹ dandan) | Awọn iṣakoso flatness. | |||
| Lẹhin titọ, taara yẹ ki o wa ni ibamu pẹlu ASTM A335 | |||||
| 14 | Ayewo ati Gbigba | Irisi ati Ayẹwo Onisẹpo | |||
| * Awọn ifarada onisẹpo irin yẹ ki o wa ni ibamu pẹlu ASTM A999 | |||||
| Akiyesi: Ifarada iwọn ila opin ita: ± 0.75% D | |||||
| * Ayẹwo ifarahan yẹ ki o ṣe ni ọkan nipasẹ ọkan ni ibamu si boṣewa ASTM A999 lati yago fun oju ti ko dara | |||||
| 15 | erin abawọn | * Gbogbo ara ti paipu irin yẹ ki o ṣe ayẹwo ultrasonically fun awọn abawọn gigun ni ibamu si ISO9303/E213 | |||
| Idanwo Ultrasonic: | |||||
| 16 | Mechanical ini igbeyewo | (1) Idanwo fifẹ (gigun) ati idanwo fifẹ | |||
| Ayewo igbohunsafẹfẹ | 5% / ipele, o kere ju 2 tubes | ||||
| Min | O pọju | ||||
| P9 | Agbara Ikore (Mpa) | 205 | |||
| Agbara fifẹ (MPa) | 415 | ||||
| Ilọsiwaju | Gẹgẹbi boṣewa ASTM A335 | ||||
| Ṣiṣayẹwo fifẹ | Gẹgẹbi boṣewa ASTM A999 | ||||
| (2) Idanwo lile | |||||
| Igbohunsafẹfẹ idanwo: kanna bi idanwo fifẹ | 1 nkan / ipele | ||||
| HV&HRC | ≤250HV10&≤25 HRC HV10≤250&HRC≤25 | ||||
| Akiyesi: Iwọn idanwo lile Vickers: ISO6507 tabi ASTM E92; | |||||
| Ipele idanwo lile Rockwell: ISO6508 tabi ASTM E18 | |||||
| 17 | NDT | Pipe irin kọọkan yoo ni idanwo ni ibamu pẹlu awọn ibeere ti awọn ọna idanwo E213, E309 tabi E570. | |||
| 18 | igbeyewo omi titẹ | Idanwo Hydrostatic ni ibamu si ASTM A999, titẹ idanwo | |||
| 19 | bevel | Beveling ti o ni ibamu ti awọn opin mejeeji ti paipu irin ni ibamu si ASTM B16.25fig.3(a) | |||
| 20 | Wiwọn iwuwo ati ipari | * Ifarada iwuwo ẹyọkan: -6% ~ +4%. | |||
| 21 | boṣewa paipu | Ide ti ita ti paipu irin ni a gbọdọ samisi fun sokiri gẹgẹbi ASTM A335 boṣewa ati awọn ibeere alabara. Awọn akoonu isamisi jẹ bi atẹle: | |||
| “Iwọn Gigun TPCO ASTM A335 Awọn Iwọn Osu Ọdun P9 S LT *** C *** MPa/NDE Nọmba Ooru Pupo Nọmba tube Number | |||||
| 22 | ya | Awọn lode dada ti awọn tube ti wa ni ya ni ibamu si awọn factory bošewa | |||
| 23 | paipu opin fila | ** Awọn bọtini ṣiṣu yẹ ki o wa ni opin mejeeji ti tube kọọkan | |||
| 24 | ohun elo akojọ | * Iwe ohun elo yẹ ki o pese ni ibamu si EN10204 3.1. "PO onibara yẹ ki o ṣe afihan ninu iwe ohun elo naa. | |||
ASTM A335 P11 jẹ ohun elo alloy, irin ailopin ferritic ga otutu paipu ti American bošewa. Alloy tube jẹ iru tube irin ti ko ni idọti, iṣẹ rẹ ga julọ ju ọpọn irin ti o wọpọ lọ, nitori iru tube irin yii ni diẹ sii C, iṣẹ naa kere ju tube irin-irin ti o wọpọ, nitorina tube alloy ti wa ni lilo pupọ. ni Epo ilẹ, Aerospace, kemikali, ina mọnamọna, igbomikana, ologun ati awọn ile-iṣẹ miiran.
Akopọ
| Iwọnwọn:ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ ite: P11 | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | pecial Pipe: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo Kemikali
Ipilẹ kemikali ti awọn paipu irin alailẹgbẹ fun jija epo epo
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P11 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.5-1.00 | 0.30-0.61 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.00-1.50 | 0.44-0.65 |
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini | Data |
| Agbara fifẹ, min, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Agbara ikore, min, (MPa) | 205Mpa |
Ooru Itọju
|
Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing Tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, Ati P22 | |||
| A335 P11 | Full Tabi isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize Ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250[650] |
Ifarada
Fun Pipe Paapu Si Inu Inu, Iwọn Inu Ko Ni Yato Diẹ sii ju ± 1% Lati Iwọn Inu Inu Ti pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o gba laaye Ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | Ifarada to dara | odi ifarada | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, Incl | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 Si 4, Incl. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 Si 8, Incl | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 Si 12, Incl. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | ± 1% Ti pato | |||
ASTM A335 P22jẹ pipe alloy alloy, irin pipe fun lilo ferritic otutu giga. Alloy tube jẹ iru tube irin ti ko ni idọti, iṣẹ rẹ ga julọ ju ọpọn irin ti o wọpọ lọ, nitori iru tube irin yii ni diẹ sii C, iṣẹ naa kere ju tube irin-irin ti o wọpọ, nitorina tube alloy ti wa ni lilo pupọ. ni Epo ilẹ, Aerospace, kemikali, ina mọnamọna, igbomikana, ologun ati awọn ile-iṣẹ miiran.
Akopọ
| Iwọnwọn:ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ ite: P22 | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | pecial Pipe: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo Kemikali
Ipilẹ kemikali ti awọn paipu irin alailẹgbẹ fun jija epo epo
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P22 | 0.05-0.15 | 0.5 | 0.30-0.60 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 1.90-2.60 | 0.87-1.13 |
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini | Data |
| Agbara fifẹ, min, (MPa) | 415 Mpa |
| Agbara ikore, min, (MPa) | 205Mpa |
Ooru Itọju
|
Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing Tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, Ati P22 | |||
| A335 P22 | Full Tabi isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize Ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250[650] |
Ifarada
Fun Pipe Paapu Si Inu Inu, Iwọn Inu Ko Ni Yato Diẹ sii ju ± 1% Lati Iwọn Inu Inu Ti pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o gba laaye Ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | Ifarada to dara | odi ifarada | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, Incl | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 Si 4, Incl. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 Si 8, Incl | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 Si 12, Incl. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | ± 1% Ti pato | |||
A335 P22 jẹ 2.25Cr-1Mo Chromium-molybdenum ti o ga, irin Ferritic Iwọn otutu fun awọn igbona ati awọn igbona nla,ASTM A335/A335Mboṣewa. Ni ọdun 1985, a gbe e sinu GB5310 ati pe a fun ni 12Cr2MoG. Awọn orilẹ-ede miiran ni iru awọn onipò irin, gẹgẹbi Federal Republic of Germany 10CrMo910 ati Japan STBA24. Ninu jara irin cr-1Mo, agbara igbona rẹ ga ju, labẹ iwọn otutu kanna (iwọn otutu≤580℃) agbara fifọ dabaru rẹ ati wahala ti o gba laaye paapaa ga ju irin 9CR-1Mo, ati pe o ni iṣẹ ṣiṣe ti o dara ati iṣẹ alurinmorin, ṣiṣu ti o tọ ti o dara. Nitorinaa, o ti lo ni lilo pupọ ni agbegbe iṣẹ lile, gẹgẹbi agbara gbona, agbara iparun ati diẹ ninu awọn ohun elo hydrogen ni ọpọlọpọ awọn paipu alapapo ati awọn ohun elo titẹ giga.
Iwọn otutu iyọọda: A335P22 (SA-213T22) ni lilo ni akọkọ ni 300,600MW ati agbara nla agbara ọgbin igbomikana tube otutu otutu odi≤580℃superheater ati tube odi otutu & LT;540℃paipu nya ogiri ati akọsori, iru irin yii ti ni lilo pupọ ni Amẹrika, Japan ati Yuroopu, ni itan-akọọlẹ pipẹ ti iṣẹ ni awọn ohun elo agbara, jẹ iṣẹ iduroṣinṣin, iṣẹ ṣiṣe ilana to dara ti irin ogbo.
12Cr1MoV irin je ti chromium-molybdenum vanadium irin vanadium irin, o kun lo fun 12Cr1MoV/GB5310 irin paipu. Lilo pupọ, ni iwọn otutu ni 480℃~580℃agbegbe iwọn otutu ti o ga julọ pẹlu ọkan ninu awọn ohun elo pupọ julọ. Iwọn otutu iṣẹ tube irin 12Cr1MoVG: o jẹ lilo ni akọkọ fun irin akọkọ ti tube superheater, akọsori ati paipu nya ti igbomikana titẹ giga ti iwọn otutu ogiri tube kere tabi dọgba si 580℃.
Ilana iṣelọpọ: Idanwo lile:
1. Yiyi gbigbona (irin tube ti a ko ni itọlẹ) : yika tube billet → alapapo → perforation → yiyi agbelebu mẹta-yiyi, yiyi lilọsiwaju tabi extrusion → yiyọ tube → iwọn (tabi dinku) → itutu → taara → idanwo titẹ omi (tabi wiwa abawọn abawọn). ) → isamisi → ibi ipamọ
2. Tutu iyaworan (yiyi) tube irin ti ko ni alaini: yika tube billet → alapapo → perforation → akọle → annealing → pickling → oiling (plating bàbà) → iyaworan tutu-ọpọlọpọ (yiyi tutu) → tube òfo → itọju ooru → taara → omi idanwo titẹ (wiwa abawọn) → isamisi → ibi ipamọ
Iṣakojọpọ:
Iṣakojọpọ igboro / iṣakojọpọ lapapo / iṣakojọpọ apoti / aabo igi ni ẹgbẹ mejeeji ti awọn tubes ati aabo ni ibamu fun ifijiṣẹ ti o tọ si okun tabi bi o ti beere.
Akopọ
P92 boṣewa ga otutu igbomikana tube seamless alloy pipe.
| Iwọnwọn:ASTM A335 | Alloy Tabi Ko: Alloy |
| Ẹgbẹ ite: P92 | Ohun elo: igbomikana Pipe |
| Sisanra: 1 - 100 mm | Itọju Ilẹ: Bi Ibeere Onibara |
| Iwọn Ode (Yika): 10 - 1000 mm | Ilana: Gbona Yiyi / Tutu Fa |
| Ipari: Ipari Ti o wa titi Tabi Ipari Laileto | Itọju Ooru: Annealing/Normalizing/Tempering |
| Apẹrẹ Abala: Yika | pecial Pipe: Nipọn Wall Pipe |
| Ibi ti Oti: China | Lilo: Paipu Nya Titẹ Ga, igbomikana Ati Oluyipada Ooru |
| Iwe eri: ISO9001:2008 | Idanwo: ET/UT |
Ohun elo Kemikali
Ipilẹ kemikali ti awọn paipu irin alailẹgbẹ fun jija epo epo
| C | SI | Mn | P | S | Cr | Mo | |
| P92 | 0.07-0.13 | 0.5 | 0.30-0.60 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 8.50-9.5 | 0.30-0.60 |
Mechanical Ini
| Awọn ohun-ini | Data |
| Agbara fifẹ, min, (MPa) | 620 Mpa |
| Agbara ikore, min, (MPa) | 440Mpa |
Ooru Itọju
|
Ipele | Ooru Itọju Iru | Didara Iwọn Iwọn F [C] | Subcritical Annealing Tabi tempering |
| P5, P9, P11, Ati P22 | |||
| A335 P92 | Full Tabi isothermal Anneal | ||
| Normalize Ati Ibinu | ***** | 1250[675] |
Ifarada
Fun Pipe Paapu Si Inu Inu, Iwọn Inu Ko Ni Yato Diẹ sii ju ± 1% Lati Iwọn Inu Inu Ti pato
Awọn iyatọ ti o gba laaye Ni Ode Iwọn
| NPS onise | Ifarada to dara | odi ifarada | ||
| In | Mm | In | Mm | |
| 1⁄8to 11⁄2, Incl | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 | 1⁄64 (0.015) | 0.4 |
| Ju 11⁄2 Si 4, Incl. | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 4 Si 8, Incl | 1⁄16 (0.062) | 1.59 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 8 Si 12, Incl. | 3⁄32 (0.093) | 2.38 | 1⁄32 (0.031) | 0.79 |
| Ju 12 lọ | ± 1% Ti pato | |||
