China Chopanda Carbon Steel ndi Aloy Matama Bizinesi Opanga ndi Wopereka

Machubu osakhazikika ndi zitsulo zamagetsi

Mababu osakira ma cambon ndi aloy machubu owoneka bwino

Kufotokozera kwaifupi:

Machubu osawoneka achitsulo, chitoliro chachitsulo cha kaboni ndi zitsulo zamagetsi, makamaka zamakina mkatiAstm A519-2006Ma tuber, machubu amagetsi makamaka amaphatikizaponso

1018,1026,8620,4130,4140 etc.

Malipiro:30% Deposit, 70% L / C kapena B / L Copy kapena 100% l / c poona

Min.erder kuchuluka:1 PC

Kutha Kutha:Matani a Pachaka 20000

Nthawi yotsogolera:Masiku a 7-14 ngati mu stock, 30-45 masiku kuti apange

Kulongedza:Black akusowa, chimbalangondo ndi chipewa pa chitoliro chilichonse; Od Ow 219mm ayenera kunyamula mtolo, ndipo mtolo uliwonse supitilira 2 matani.

Tumizani imelo kwa ife Tsitsani monga PDF

Tsatanetsatane wazogulitsa

Matamba a malonda

Kulemeletsa

Muyezo:Astm A519-2006	Alloy kapena ayi: Aloy kapena kaboni
Gulu La Gulu: 1018,10220,4130,4140	Kugwiritsa: Makina chubu
Makulidwe: 1 - 100 mm	Pamtunda: Monga momwe kasitomala amafunira
M'mimba mwake (kuzungulira): 10 - 1000 mm	Njira: Kutentha kapena kuzizira
Kutalika: Kutalika kokhazikika kapena kutalika kwachilendo	Chithandizo cha kutentha: kuwongolera / kusinthitsa
Gawo la mawonekedwe: kuzungulira	Chitoliro chapadera: chitoliro cha khoma
Malo oyambira: China	Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Makina
Chitsimikizo: Iso9001: 2008	Kuyesa: ect / ut

Karata yanchito

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamakina ojambula komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mavidiyo a mpweya.inmic rin ndi alloy zitsulo zosawoneka bwino zamakalasi oyenda ndi miyala yamiyala yozungulira

Gikulu Yaikulu

1018,1026,8620,4130,410

Chigawo cha mankhwala

Gome 1 Zofunikira zamankhwala zotsika mtengo

Giledi	Mankhwala Osiyanasiyana,%
Dongosolo	Mwalaboni	Manganeseb	Phosphorous, b	Sulufule, b
			max	max
Mt x 1015	0.10-0.20	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
Mt 1010	0.05-0.15	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
Mt 1015	0.10-0.20	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
Mt 1020	0.15-0.25	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
Mt x 1020	0.15-0.25	0.70-1.00	0.04	0.05

Gome 2 Zofunikira Mankhwala ena a kaboni^BMalire amafunsira kusanthula kwa kutentha; Kupatula monga momwe zimafunidwira 6.1, kusanthula kwa mankhwala kumatha kulolera zowonjezera zomwe zidaperekedwa mu tebulo 5.

Giledi		Mankhwala Osiyanasiyana,% a
Dongosolo
Dongosolo	Kaboni pepa	Manganese	Phosphorous,	Sulufule,
			max	max
1008	0.10 max	0.30-0.50	0.04	0.05
1010	0.08-0.13	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1012	0.10-0.15	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1015	0.13-0.18	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1016	0.13-0.18	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1017	0.15-0.20	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1018	0.15-0.20	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1019	0.15-0.20	0.70-1.00	0.04	0.05
1020	0.18-0.23	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1021	0.18-0.23	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1022	0.18-0.23	0.70-1.00	0.04	0.05
1025	0.22-0.28	0.30-0.60	0.04	0.05
1026	0.22-0.28	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1030	0.28-0.34	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1035	0.32-0.38	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1040	0.37-0.44	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1045	0.43-0.50	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1050	0.48-0.55	0.60-0.90	0.04	0.05
1518	0.15-0.21	1.10-1.40	0.04	0.05
1524	0.19-0.25	1.35-1.65	0.04	0.05
1541	0.36-0.44	1.35-1.65	0.04	0.05

Magawo ndi malire omwe aperekedwa patebulo ili amagwiranso ntchito powunikira kutentha; kupatula malinga ndi6.1, kusanthula kwazinthu kumayang'aniridwa ndi zowonjezera zowonjezera zomwe zimaperekedwa mu tebulo 5.

Gawo 3 Zofunikira pa Alloy zitsulo
ZINDIKIRANI	1-Magawo ndi malire pagome ili likugwiranso ntchito osachizira 200 mu.2 (1290 cm2) m'malo oyambira.
ZINDIKIRANI	Zinthu ziwiri zazing'ono za zinthu zina zilipo mu zitsulo zomwe sizinafotokozedwe kapena zofunika. Izi zimawerengedwa ngati mwadzidzidzi
ndipo itha kupezeka pamlingo wotsatira: mkuwa, 0,35%; nickel, 0.25%; Chromium, 0.20%; Molybdenum, 0.10%.
ZINDIKIRANI	3 -Machitidwe ndi malire omwe aperekedwa patebulo ili amagwiranso ntchito powunikira kutentha; Kupatula monga momwe zimafunidwira 6.1, kusanthula kwazinthu kumakhudzidwa ndi zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito
Kulekerera kowonjezera komwe kunaperekedwa mu tebulo 5.

Giledi^A^,^B				Mankhwala Osiyanasiyana,%
Kani-
Kani-	Kaboni pepa	Manganese	Phospho-	Sulufule,^C^,^D	Sililicone	Nickel	Chromium	Molybde-
akapolo								Molybde-
akapolo			Rus,^Cmax	max				nambala
								nambala
1330	0.28-0.33	1.60-1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	...
1335	0.33-0.38	1.60-1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	...
Cha 1340	0.38-0.43	1.60-1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	...
1345	0.43-0.48	1.60-1.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	...
3140	0.38-0.43	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.10-1.40	0.55-0.75	...
E3310	0.08-0.13	0.45-0.60	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	3.25-3.75	1.40-1.75	...
4012	0.09-0.14	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.15-0.25
4023	0.20-0.25	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4024	0.20-0.25	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.035-0.050	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4027	0.25-0.30	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4028	0.25-0.30	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.035-0.050	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4037	0.35-0.40	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4042	0.40-0.45	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4047	0.45-0.50	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4063	0.60-0.67	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.20-0.30
4118	0.18-0.23	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	0.08-0.15
4130	0.28-0.33	0.40-0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4135	0.32-0.39	0.65-0.95	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4137	0.35-0.40	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4140	0.38-0.43	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4142	0.40-0.45	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4145	0.43-0.48	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4147	0.45-0.50	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
410	0.48-0.53	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15-0.25
4320	0.17-0.22	0.45-0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	0.40-0.60	0.20-0.30
4337	0.35-0.40	0.60-0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
E4337	0.35-0.40	0.65-0.85	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
4340	0.38-0.43	0.60-0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
E4340	0.38-0.43	0.65-0.85	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
4422	0.20-0.25	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.35-0.45
4427	0.24-0.29	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.35-0.45
4520	0.18-0.23	0.45-0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	...	0.45-0.60
4615	0.13-0.18	0.45-0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	...	0.20-0.30
4617	0.15-0.20	0.45-0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	...	0.20-0.30
4620	0.17-0.22	0.45-0.65	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	...	0.20-0.30
4621	0.18-0.23	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	1.65-2.00	...	0.20-0.30
4718	0.16-0.21	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.90-1.20	0.35-0.55	0.30-0.40
4720	0.17-0.22	0.50-0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.90-1.20	0.35-0.55	0.15-0.25
4815	0.13-0.18	0.40-0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	3.25-3.75	...	0.20-0.30
4817	0.15-0.20	0.40-0.60	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	3.25-3.75	...	0.20-0.30
4820	0.18-0.23	0.50-0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	3.25-3.75	...	0.20-0.30
5015	0.12-0.17	0.30-0.50	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.30-0.50	...
5046	0.43-0.50	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.20-0.35	...
5115	0.13-0.18	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5120	0.17-0.22	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5130	0.28-0.33	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	...
5132	0.30-0.35	0.60-0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.75-1.00	...
5135	0.33-0.38	0.60-0.80	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.05	...
5140	0.38-0.43	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5145	0.43-0.48	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5147	0.46-0.51	0.70-0.95	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.85-1.15	...
5050	0.48-0.53	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5155	0.51-0.59	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
5160	0.56-0.64	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
52100^E	0.93-1.05	0.25-0.45	0.025	0.015	0.15-0.35	0.25 max	1.35-1.60	0.10 max
E50100	0.98-1.10	0.25-0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	...
E511100	0.98-1.10	0.25-0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	...	0.90-1.15	...
E52100	0.98-1.10	0.25-0.45	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	...	1.30-1.60	...
								Ntimadium

6118	0.16-0.21	0.50-0.70	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.50-0.70	0.10-0.15
6120	0.17-0.22	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	0.10 min
6050	0.48-0.53	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.80-1.10	0.15 min

						Chiwaya		Molybdenum

E7140	0.38-0.43	0.50-0.70	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.40	0.95-1.30	1.40-1.80	0.30-0.40

						Nickel

8115	0.13-0.18	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.20-0.40	0.30-0.50	0.08-0.15
8615	0.13-0.18	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8617	0.15-0.20	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8620	0.18-0.23	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8622	0.20-0.25	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8625	0.23-0.28	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8627	0.25-0.30	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8630	0.28-0.33	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8637	0.35-0.40	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8640	0.38-0.43	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8642	0.40-0.45	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8645	0.43-0.48	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
860	0.48-0.53	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8655	0.51-0.59	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8660	0.55-0.65	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
8720	0.18-0.23	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.20-0.30
8735	0.33-0.38	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.20-0.30
8740	0.38-0.43	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.20-0.30
8742	0.40-0.45	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.20-0.30
8822	0.20-0.25	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.30-0.40
9255	0.51-0.59	0.60-0.80	0.04	0.04	1.80-2.20	...	0.60-0.80	...
9260	0.56-0.64	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	1.80-2.20	...	...	...
9262	0.55-0.65	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	1.80-2.20	...	0.25-0.40	...
E9310	0.08-0.13	0.45-0.65	0.025	0.025	0.15-0.35	3.00-30.50	1.00-1.40	0.08-0.15
9840	0.38-0.42	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.85-1.15	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
9850	0.48-0.53	0.70-0.90	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.85-1.15	0.70-0.90	0.20-0.30
50b40	0.38-0.42	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	...
50b44	0.43-0.48	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	...
50b46	0.43-0.50	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.20-0.35	...
50b50	0.48-0.53	0.74-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	...
50b60	0.55-0.65	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.40-0.60	...
51b60	0.56-0.64	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	...	0.70-0.90	...
81b45	0.43-0.48	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.20-0.40	0.35-0.55	0.08-0.15
86b45	0.43-0.48	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.40-0.70	0.40-0.60	0.15-0.25
94b15	0.13-0.18	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.30-0.60	0.30-0.50	0.08-0.15
94b17	0.15-0.20	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.30-0.60	0.30-0.50	0.08-0.15
94b30	0.28-0.33	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.30-0.60	0.30-0.50	0.08-0.15
94b40	0.38-0.43	0.75-1.00	0.04	0.04	0.15-0.35	0.30-0.60	0.30-0.50	0.08-0.15

^BMakulani omwe akuwonetsedwa patebulo ili ndi zilembo b, monga 50b40, zitha kuyembekezeredwa kukhala ndi ma boron ochepera.^AMakulani omwe awonetsedwa patebulo ili ndi chikalata cha prefix e nthawi zambiri chimapangidwa ndi njira yamagetsi yamagetsi. Ena onse amapangidwa ndi njira yotsegulira kwa mtima koma atha kupangidwa ndi ng'anjo yofunikira - kusintha kwa kusintha kwa phosphorous ndi sulufule.

^CMa sulforos sulfur sitilfur panjira iliyonse ndi motere:

Chovala chamagetsi chamagetsi 0.025 Max% acid Actleace 0.050 Max%

Zoyambira zotseguka 0.040 max% acid otseguka 0.050 Max%

^DZochepa kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo za sulfur zimawonetsa zitsulo zoyambitsidwa.

^EWogula akhoza kutchulanso kuchuluka kwa ndalamazi: mkuwa, 0,30%; Aluminium, 0.050%; ndi oxygen, 0.0015%.

Katundu wamakina

Makonda ambiri, kuuma ndi matenthedwe ena mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya kaboni ndi zitsulo

CW-Kuzizira kunagwira ntchito SR-kupsinjika kumathandizira kuti N-Inciyeta yotsatirayi ndi matanthawuzo a zizindikilo pazosiyanasiyana: Hr-Hot Rollet

Giledi	Condo-	Mathero		Zotuluka		Mlengalenga	Wonyoza,
Pofuna-	akapolo^A	Mphamvu,		Mphamvu,		mu 2 mkati. kapena	Kuuma
fuko						50 mm,%	B
		ksi	Mmpa	ksi	Mmpa	50 mm,%	B
		ksi	Mmpa	ksi	Mmpa

1020	HR	50	345	32	221	25	55
	CW	70	483	60	414	5	75
	SR	65	448	50	345	10	72
	A	48	331	28	193	30	50
	N	55	379	34	234	22	60
1025	HR	55	379	35	241	25	60
	CW	75	517	65	448	5	80
	SR	70	483	55	379	8	75
	A	53	365	30	207	25	57
	N	55	379	36	248	22	60
1035	HR	65	448	40	276	20	72
	CW	85	586	75	517	5	88
	SR	75	517	65	448	8	80
	A	60	414	33	228	25	67
	N	65	448	40	276	20	72
1045	HR	75	517	45	310	15	80
	CW	90	621	80	552	5	90
	SR	80	552	70	483	8	85
	A	65	448	35	241	20	72
	N	75	517	48	331	15	80
1050	HR	80	552	50	345	10	85
	SR	82	565	70	483	6	86
	A	68	469	38	262	18	74
	N	78	538	50	345	12	82
1118	HR	50	345	35	241	25	55
	CW	75	517	60	414	5	80
	SR	70	483	55	379	8	75
	A	50	345	30	207	25	55
	N	55	379	35	241	20	60
1137	HR	70	483	40	276	20	75
	CW	80	552	65	448	5	85
	SR	75	517	60	414	8	80
	A	65	448	35	241	22	72
	N	70	483	43	296	15	75
4130	HR	90	621	70	483	20	89
	SR	105	724	85	586	10	95
	A	75	517	55	379	30	81
	N	90	621	60	414	20	89
4140	HR	120	855	90	621	15	100
	SR	120	855	100	689	10	100
	A	80	552	60	414	25	85
	N	120	855	90	621	20	100

Kupilira

Kunja kwa m'mimba kumalekerera kwa otentha otentha otentha^A^,^B^,^C

Kunja kwa kukula kwa kutalika,	Kunja kochepera, mkati. (Mm)
mu. (mm)	Pamwamba	Pandi
Mpaka 2.999 (76.17)	0.020 (0.51)	0.020 (0.51)
3.000-4.499 (76.20-1144.27)	0.025 (0.64)	0.025 (0.64)
4.500-5.999 (114.30-152.37)	0.031 (0.79)	0.031 (0.79)
6.000-7.499 (152.40-190.47)	0.037 (0.94)	0.037 (0.94)
7.500-8.999 (190.50-228.57)	0.045 (1.14)	0.045 (1.14)
9.000-10.750 (228.60-273.05)	0.050 (1.27)	0.050 (1.27)

Kuzimilirika kochepa sikugwira ntchito kutanthauzira komanso kukwiya kapena kukhazikika komanso nyengo zodekha.

B mitundu yodziwika bwino ya machubu otentha omalizira ndi 1¹/2 mu. (38.1 mm) mpaka 10³/4 mu. (273.0 mm) kunja kwa khoma ndi makulidwe osachepera 3% kapena kupitilira apo, koma osachepera 0.095 mu. (2.41 mm).

Chuma chokulirapo chimapezeka; funsani wopanga kukula ndi kulolera.

Kulerera kwa khoma kwa wozungulira

Tchuthi

Makulidwe a Khoma	Makulidwe akukula,^Aperesenti
Osiyanasiyana ngati peresenti		ndipo pansi pa mwadzina
kunja
kunja	Kunja	Kunja	Kunja
Mzere wapakati	Kunja	Kunja	Kunja
Mzere wapakati	Mzere wapakati	Mzere wapakati	Mzere wapakati
	Mzere wapakati	Mzere wapakati	Mzere wapakati
	2.999 mkati.	3.000 mkati.	6.000 mkati.
	(76.19 mm)	(76.20 mm)	(152.40 mm)
	ndi ocheperako	mpaka 5.999 mkati.	mpaka 10.750 mkati.
		(152.37 mm)	273.05 mm)

Pansi pa 15	120.5	10.0	10.0
15 ndi kupitirira	10.0	7.5	10.0

Kulekerera kwakukutira kwa khoma sikungagwire ntchito 0.199 mu. (5.05 mm) ndi kuchepera; Phunzitsani wopanga khoma pa chubu chotere.

Njira yofunika kwambiri, kenako nyengo yozizira imalongosola mkati mwa mainchesi ndi khoma kapena makulidwe kapena kunja kwa mainchesi.

Kusintha kwa mabisala-kumakina osintha kunja kwa m'mimba ndi khoma kumatha kupitirira patebulo. Gome limalekerera kulolerana ngati kunja kwa mainchesi ndi khoma makulidwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukula kwake.

Makina ogwiritsira ntchito mabizinesi akunja kunja kwa diamu-eter sadzapitilira zolekeredwa patebulo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa kuchokera ku chubu chozizira kwambiri.

Kutalika kwa mabisala - makina ambiri amapezeka mu nthawi yayitali, 5 ft (1.5 m) mopitirira. Kutalika kotsimikizika kumaperekedwa pamene kutchulidwa ndi wogula. Kuleza mtima kumawonetsedwa patebulo.

Molunjika-kuloledwa molunjika kwa tubiting'ono ozungulira sikudzapitilira ndalama zomwe zawonetsedwa patebulo.

Kuyesera

Kuyesa kwa 1.hardness
Malire olimbika akufunika, wopanga adzafunsidwa. Hardical Hardical adalembedwa patebulo .Pafotokozedwera, mayeso owuma adzachitidwa pa 1% ya machubu.

Mayeso a 2.Tustins
Pamene tunsile akafunika, wopanga adzafunsidwa. Makina okondana ndi ena mwa ma grade wamba ochulukirapo komanso mikhalidwe yamatenthedwe amalembedwa patebulo.

3.Kuyesa mayeso
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nondostrucwive akupanga kapena mayeso a electromagnetic amapezeka. Kuyesedwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso malire oyeserera adzakhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wopanga ndi wogula.

4. Kuyesa mayeso
Pakakhala zofunikira zaukhondo wachitsulo, njira zoyeserera ndi malire zovomerezedwa zidzakhazikitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wopanga ndi wogula.