2021, siqhubeke nokujulisa ukuguqulwa kwemboni yepayipi lensimbi yesakhiwo ezweni lethu, sikhuthaze uguquko embonini ye-carbon low green, kanye nezinguquko ezinkulu kwinqubomgomo yezimboni yezwe, ukusebenzisa amandla okulawula, okukhiphayo, ukuqeda zonke izaphulelo zentela yokuthumela ngaphandle kwensimbi, ngaphansi isizinda sokuthola ikhabhoni ephindwe kabili, ukubhekana nesidingo esishintshayo isimo ekhaya naphesheya, ukuzama ukunqoba intengo yezinto ezibonakalayo yasekuqaleni ubunzima obukhulu, Ukugaya ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nezinye izici ezifana nezindleko zokukhuphuka okukhulu, ukufezekiswa “kokunciphisa inani kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga” ukuthuthukiswa kwekhwalithi ephezulu, ukusebenza jikelele kwemboni kuzinzile, ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo sensimbi yemboni engezansi nokuqinisekisa ukusimama okuqhubekayo komnotho wezwe kube negalelo elihle.

1 Ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi nokusetshenziswa okusobala eChina

Ngokusho kwedatha yokukhiqiza amapayipi ashiselwe eshicilelwe yiNational Bureau of Statistics kanye neGatsha lamapayipi ensimbi okusekelwe kudatha yokukhiqiza yamabhizinisi angamalungu ukulinganisa idatha yokukhiqiza ipayipi lensimbi engenamthungo, kusukela ngoJanuwari kuya kuDisemba 2021, ukukhiqizwa kwepayipi lensimbi kazwelonke kwezigidi ezingama-853.62 amathani, phansi ngo-3.66%; Ukusetshenziswa okusobala bekungamathani angama-78,811,600, kwehle ngo-4.33% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ashiselwe amathani ayizigidi ezingama-58.832, kwehle ngo-3.57% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetshenziswa okusobala bekungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-55.2763, phansi ngo-4.07% unyaka nonyaka. Ukukhiqizwa okulinganiselwe kweshubhu lensimbi engenamthungo kungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-26.80.00, phansi ngo-3.86% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetshenziswa okusobala bekungamathani ayizigidi ezingama-23.5353, kanti unyaka nonyaka wehla ngo-4.93%. Kuyabonakala ukuthi ngo-2021, ipayipi lensimbi laseChina, ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo, ukukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ashiselwe kanye nokusetshenziswa okubonakala kwehla unyaka nonyaka. Ukukhishwa kanye nokusetshenziswa okusobala kwamapayipi ensimbi e-China ngo-2020-2021 kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 1 kanye noMdwebo 1.

Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwedatha yezibalo, ukusebenza kahle okuphelele kwembonini yamapayipi ensimbi yaseChina engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2021, kodwa ukukhula okukhiphayo kubonakala kuncane, uma kuqhathaniswa nabathintekayo amanani entengo yensimbi yamazwe ngamazwe akhuphuka kakhulu ngoMeyi, ipayipi, amanani epuleti akhuphuka kakhulu, okuye kwaphusha izintengo zensimbi zenyuka kakhulu, kodwa lokhu kuthenga kunomthelela omkhulu embonini esezansi nomfula, kwenza isidingo esibuthakathaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo semboni yensimbi ukunciphisa izidingo zokukhiqiza insimbi engahluziwe, sithinte amabhizinisi athile, ukuze ngo-2021, ukukhiqizwa kwepayipi lensimbi laseChina kwaba uhla oluthile lokwehla.

2. Izintengo zamapayipi ensimbi eChina

Kusukela ngoNovemba 2020, ngenxa yokwenyuka okubukhali kwamanani entengo yezinto ezinkulu zokusetshenziswa njenge-iron ore, amanani entengo ye-billet kanye ne-strip steel e-China aye akhuphuka kakhulu, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3, kanye nezintengo zensimbi. amapayipi.

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Umkhuba wamanani wepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo, ipayipi elishiselwe kanye nepayipi likathayela e-China kusukela ngo-2020 kuya ku-2021 kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Phakathi kwazo, intengo ye-φ 219 mm×10 mm yokucaciswa kwepayipi lensimbi engenamthungo ikhuphuke ngokushesha kusukela ngoNovemba 2020, intengo. inyuke isuka ku-4645 yuan yaya ku-6638 yuan ngoMeyi 2021 (intengo ephezulu kusukela 2008), ikhuphuke cishe ngama-yuan angu-2000, ikhuphuke ngo-42.9%; Ngemuva kukaMeyi 2021, inani lehle labuyela ku-6,160 yuan ngoJulayi, lehla cishe ngama-yuan angama-500, lase likhuphukela ku-6,636 yuan ngo-Okthoba (eyesibili ukuphakama), lase lehlela ku-5,931 yuan ngoDisemba. Intengo ibilokhu inyakaza ngezinga eliphezulu kusukela ekuqaleni konyaka.

Unyaka ka-2021 unyaka ongcono kakhulu embonini yensimbi yaseChina kusukela ngo-2008, izinzuzo zemboni zaba ngcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengenye yemikhiqizo yezimboni zensimbi nensimbi, ipayipi lensimbi alizange lithuthukiswe kakhulu njengepuleti, ibha, ucingo kanye nephrofayili. Izizathu zimi kanje: okokuqala, nakuba intengo yepayipi yensimbi ikhuphuke kakhulu, intengo yepayipi yensimbi ayizange ikhuphukele ezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa yethonya lentengo ephansi kawoyela kanye nentengo ephansi yokubhida yepayipi lomthombo wamafutha. Umkhuba wentengo wamapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo, ishidi eliwuthayela, ishidi eligoqiwe elishisayo kanye ne-rebar e-China kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2020 kuya kuJanuwari 2022 kukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 5. Kuyabonakala ukuthi intengo yeshidi likathayela ngo-2021 iphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yensimbi engenamthungo. tube 300 ~ 750 yuan, futhi intengo yezinhlobo ezimbili kweminye iminyaka iphezulu futhi iphansi, ngokuvamile ishintshashintsha cishe cishe 200 yuan. Okwesibili, ngenxa yokwenyuka okubukhali kwamanani entengo yezinto eziluhlaza kanye nezinsiza, umehluko wamanani phakathi kwepayipi lensimbi ne-billet uhlala ezingeni lika-2020, futhi umkhawulo wenzuzo wemikhiqizo awuthuthukisiwe kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, amabhizinisi okukhiqiza amapayipi omthombo kawoyela, athintwe intengo kawoyela ephansi kanye nentengo ephansi yokubhida yepayipi lomthombo kawoyela, ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi kunzima, amabhizinisi amaningi asemaphethelweni enzuzo encane noma ukulahlekelwa, amabhizinisi ngamanye asalahlekelwa.

Ngo-2021, nakuba umbuso walungisa kabili isaphulelo sentela yokuthekelisa yemikhiqizo yensimbi, ukuze izinga lesaphulelo sentela libuyele ku-0, kodwa umthamo wokuthekelisa wepayipi lensimbi awuncishisiwe kodwa uyanda. Izizathu ezinkulu yilezi ezilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yomthelela we-COVID-19, amanye amabhizinisi amapayipi ensimbi angaphandle awakakaqalisi ukukhiqiza ngokugcwele, futhi imakethe ibishoda isikhathi eside, futhi amanani entengo yamapayipi ensimbi emhlabeni jikelele akhuphuke kakhulu (amanani emikhiqizo ethile ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe aphezulu kunawasekhaya); Okwesibili, amabhizinisi athumela ngaphandle akhathazekile ngamazwe alandelayo ukuze anyuse amanani entengo emikhiqizweni ethunyelwa ngaphandle, ngakho anda, asheshise amandla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, umthamo wokuthunyelwa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe ngekota yesine ukhuphuke kakhulu. NgoZibandlela wezi-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamapayipi ensimbi eChina kwakungama-160.44% esilinganiso sezinyanga eziyi-11 ezedlule. Ikakhulukazi, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamashubhu ensimbi angenamthungo ngoDisemba kwaba amathani ayi-531,000, amaphesenti angama-203.92 esilinganiso sokuthekelisa samathani angama-260,400 ezinyangeni eziyi-11 zokuqala. Lo mkhuba uqhubekile waze wafika engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2022.

3.2 Izinto ezibalulekile ezithunyelwa ngaphandle

Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-General Administration of Customs yaseChina, ipayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo laseChina lithumela ngaphandle kwamathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3952 ngo-2021, ukukhula konyaka ngo-3.79%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa kwamapayipi ngaphandle komthungo kwaba amathani ayizigidi eziyi-1.2743, kwehle ngo-9.60% unyaka nonyaka; Ithubhu likawoyela elingenamthungo lithumela ngaphandle amathani angama-906,200, akhuphuka ngo-2.81% unyaka nonyaka; Amashubhu obhayela angenamthungo athumela ngaphandle amathani ayi-151,800, ukwehla konyaka nonyaka ngo-15.22%; Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamapayipi ashiselwe ngamathani angu-757,700, kwehle ngo-9.16% ngonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwamashubhu ashicilelwe anomumo okhethekile nayisikwele esingunxande kwaba amathani ayi-1,325,400, akhuphuka ngo-4.41% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yomthelela womqedazwe we-COVID-19 emhlabeni wonke kanye nezaphulelo zentela ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, umthamo wokuthekelisa wezinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu zaseShayina zamapayipi angenamthungo, ipayipi likabhayela elingenamthungo namapayipi ashiselwe lehla kakhulu. Bheka Ithebula 3 kanye noMfanekiso 7 ukuze uthole ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe izinhlobo zamapayipi ensimbi amakhulu e-China ngo-2020-2021.

3. Ukungenisa nokuthumela ngaphandle kwamapayipi ensimbi eShayina

3.1 Ivolumu yokungenisa nokuthekelisa kanye nentengo

Ngokusho kwedatha ekhishwe yi-General Administration of Customs, Ngo-2021, ipayipi yensimbi yaseChina ingenisa amathani angama-349,600, phansi ngo-7.21%; Isilinganiso sentengo yokungenisa sasingu-$3824/t, sikhuphuke ngo-12.71% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ithubhu yensimbi engenamthungo engenisiwe ye-130,500 t, phansi ngo-13.80%; Isilinganiso sentengo yokungenisa sasingu-$5769 /t, sikhuphuke ngo-13.32% unyaka nonyaka. Amapayipi ashiselwe angenisa amathani angama-219,100, ehle ngo-2.80%; Isilinganiso sentengo yokungenisa besiyi-$2671/t, sikhuphuke ngo-18.31% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, i-China yathumela ngaphandle amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.17 zamashubhu ensimbi, akhuphuka ngo-4.19% unyaka nonyaka; Isilinganiso sentengo yokuthekelisa sasingu-$1542/t, sikhuphuke ngo-36.5% unyaka nonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ithubhu lensimbi engenamthungo lithumela ngaphandle amathani ayizigidi ezingu-3.3952, akhuphuke ngo-3.79%; Isilinganiso sentengo yokuthekelisa sasingu-$1,508/t, sikhuphuke ngo-23.67% unyaka nonyaka. Umthamo wamapayipi ashiselwe emazweni angaphandle wawungamathani ayizigidi ezi-3.7748, wenyuka ngo-4.55% unyaka nonyaka; Isilinganiso sentengo yokuthekelisa sasingu-$1573/t, sikhuphuke ngo-49.99% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokungenisa wamapayipi ensimbi waseChina ungamaphesenti angu-0.41 kuphela okukhiqizwa kwamapayipi ensimbi, intengo yokuthekelisa yamapayipi ashiselwe iphezulu kunepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo okokuqala ngqa. Bheka Ithebula 2 kanye noMfanekiso 6 ukuze uthole umthamo wokungenisa nokuthekelisa kanye nengxenye yamapayipi ensimbi eShayina ngo-2020-2021.

3.3 Amazwe Athekelisa Nawathumela Ngaphandle

Ngo-2021, amazwe ayi-10 aphezulu okuthunyelwa kwepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo laseChina yiNingizimu Korea, i-India, i-UNITED Arab Emirates, i-Algeria, iThailand, i-Oman, i-Indonesia, iTurkey, iVietnam, i-Australia, Abathengisi abahamba phambili abayi-10 bamapayipi ensimbi ashiselwe yiPhilippines, Nigeria, IMyanmar, Australia, South Korea, Peru, Chile, Indonesia, Singapore naseCanada. Amazwe okuyiwa kuwo amapayipi ensimbi aseShayina athunyelwa kakhulu emazweni aseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, eMpumalanga Ephakathi nakwezinye izifunda, lapho iningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, iGulf kanye nezinye izifunda zenza ngaphezu kwama-40% okuthengiswa kweChina. Ngenkathi sise-Europe, eNyakatho Melika, singomunye wabathengi abakhulu bensimbi, kodwa selokhu kwaba nenkinga yezimali emhlabeni wonke ngo-2008, lesi sifunda sisaqhubeka nokwethula uphenyo lwekhambi lensimbi ezweni lethu, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe esifundeni sensimbi. i-tube akhawunti engaphansi kuka-6%, i-China enkulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo ezimbili ezithumela kwamanye amazwe (ipayipi lomthombo kawoyela, ipayipi lomugqa) cishe lingena kulawa mazwe nezifunda. Umthamo wokuthekelisa wepayipi lensimbi laseChina ngezwe noma isifunda ngo-2020-2021 uboniswa kuMfanekiso 8.