Madaidaicin farashi don China Ductile Seamless Cast Iron Boiler Tube Farashin Baƙin ƙarfe bututu
Dubawa
Dogara mai inganci mai inganci da kyakkyawan darajar kiredit sune ka'idodin mu, waɗanda zasu taimake mu a matsayi na sama. Adhering a cikin tenet na "quality farko, mabukaci koli" ga Boiler bututu, Mun tabbatar da inganci, idan masu siyayya ba su da farin ciki da ingancin samfuran, zaku iya dawowa cikin kwanaki 7 tare da jihohinsu na asali. Mun yi imanin cewa kyakkyawar dangantakar kasuwanci za ta haifar da moriyar juna da ingantawa ga bangarorin biyu. Yanzu mun kafa dangantakar haɗin gwiwa ta dogon lokaci da nasara tare da abokan ciniki da yawa ta hanyar amincewa da ayyukanmu na musamman da amincinmu cikin yin kasuwanci. Hakanan muna jin daɗin babban suna ta wurin kyakkyawan aikinmu. Za a sa ran kyakkyawan aiki a matsayin ka'idar mu ta mutunci. Ibada da Natsuwa za su kasance kamar koyaushe.
Bututun tukunyar jirgi duk ana buƙatar NDT don tabbatar da cewa babu lahani mai inganci wanda zai haifar da haɗarin haɗari. NDT ta ƙunshi hanyoyin gwaji da yawa, a ciki, Ultrosonic, X-Ray, Eddy Current da Magnetic Flux Leakage galibi ana amfani da su, kodayake ana amfani da su duka don bincika lahani kamar ramuka, pores, haɗawa, fasa, amma suna da fa'ida daban-daban. gwajin lahani daban-daban da suka dace:
Ultrasonic
Ya dace da abubuwa da yawa daban-daban; Yi amfani da gwajin gwajin ciki kamar babu fusion, fasa, delamination, ƙimar ganowa yana da yawa; yana da ƙarfin shiga mai girma, ana iya amfani dashi don gano lahani na ciki na samfurori a cikin kewayon kauri mafi girma; wurin lahani daidai ne; babban hankali, yana iya gano lahani na ƙananan girman a cikin samfurin; ƙananan farashi, saurin sauri, kayan aiki masu haske, marasa lahani ga jikin mutum da muhalli, mai sauƙin amfani akan shafin
Amma yana da wuya a yi madaidaicin ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga na lahani a cikin samfurori; da wuya a gano samfurin tare da siffa mai rikitarwa ko siffar da ba ta dace ba; wuri, daidaitawa da siffar lahani suna da tasiri akan sakamakon ganowa; kayan abu da girman hatsi suna da babban tasiri akan ganowa; Sakamakon ba su da hankali kuma babu wani rikodin shaida kai tsaye na sakamakon gwajin lokacin da aka yi amfani da hanyar tunani mai nau'in bugun jini na A-type.
X-ray
Kamar ultrosonic, an yi amfani da su duka don bincika lahani na ciki, X-ray galibi ana amfani da su don bincika suturar weld da simintin gyare-gyare, musamman weld ɗin, na iya gano lahanin ƙarar kamar porosity, haɗaɗɗen slag da porosity, amma yana da wahala. don gano lahanin yanki kamar delamination da fasa. X-ray na iya yin la'akari kai tsaye girman, wuri da yanayin lahani, amma ba a kula da lahani na yanki ba, kuma za a rage daidaiton ganowa idan madaidaicin lahani da kusurwar ray ba su dace ba ko da ba zai yiwu ba a gano, kuma farashin yana da yawa, aikin yana da rikitarwa
Eddy Current
Eddy Current da Magnetic Flux Leakage dukkansu ba su da ƙarin sakewa game da ingancin surfact, kuma siginar da aka gano siginar lantarki ce, wacce za'a iya sarrafa ta ta lambobi don sauƙaƙe ajiya, haifuwa da kwatancen bayanai da sarrafawa. Yana da babban ganewar ganewa da kuma kyakkyawan nuni na linzamin kwamfuta a cikin wani yanki don lahani a kan ko kusa da saman kayan aiki, wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don kulawa da inganci da sarrafawa; za a iya gwada a high zafin jiki, kunkuntar yanki na workpiece da zurfin rami bango (ciki har da tube bango); Ana iya gwada kayan da ba na ƙarfe ba waɗanda za su iya haifar da igiyoyin ruwa, kamar graphite; a lokacin ganowa, nada baya buƙatar tuntuɓar kayan aiki ko matsakaiciyar haɗawa, don haka saurin ganowa yana da sauri.
Amma batun dole ne ya kasance mai gudanarwa kuma ya dace kawai don gano lahani na saman ƙarfe; zurfin ganowa da ganewar ganewa suna cin karo da juna. Lokacin gudanar da ET akan wani abu, ya zama dole don yin cikakken la'akari bisa ga kayan, yanayin yanayin da ma'aunin dubawa, sannan ƙayyade tsarin ganowa da sigogin fasaha; lokacin da aka yi amfani da ta hanyar-coil don ET, ba za a iya ƙayyade takamaiman matsayi akan kewaye da lahani ba; wuya a gano samfurori tare da sifofi masu rikitarwa
Leakage Magnetic Flux
Daidai da Eddy Current, ba su da ƙarin ƙarin bayani game da ingancin surfact, kuma siginar da aka gano siginar lantarki ce, wacce za a iya sarrafa ta ta lambobi don sauƙaƙe ajiya, haifuwa da kwatancen bayanai da sarrafawa. Ƙididdigar farko na lahani za a iya cimma. Wannan ƙididdigewa ba zai iya gane hukuncin lahani kawai ba, amma kuma ya yi kima na farko na matakin cutar da lahani; don bututu tare da kauri na bango ƙasa da 30mm, yana iya gano lahani na ciki da na waje lokaci guda; saboda yana da sauƙin sarrafa kansa, ingantaccen ganowa kuma ba za a iya samun gurɓatawa ba
Amma kawai zartar da ferromagnetic kayan.Saboda magnetization shine mataki na farko na ganowar ɗigon maganadisu, ƙarancin kayan da ba ferromagnetic yana kusa da 1, kuma filin maganadisu a kusa da lahani ba zai canza ba saboda haɓaka daban-daban. ba zai faru ba; tsananin magana, Magnetic juye yayyo gwajin ba zai iya gano lahani a ferromagnetic kayan.Idan nisa tsakanin lahani da surface ne babba, da Magnetic filin murdiya a kusa da lahani yafi bayyana a kusa da lahani, yayin da workpiece surface iya rasa da Magnetic yayyo.; Gwajin juzu'i na maganadisu bai dace da samfuran gwaji tare da rufi ko rufi ba; Gano kwararar motsin maganadisu bai dace da samfurin da ke da siffa mai sarƙaƙƙiya ba.Ganewar yaɗuwar Magnetic yana amfani da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don tattara siginonin sadarwa na ɗigon maganadisu, kuma siffar ƙirar ɗan rikitarwa ba ta dace da ganowa ba; Gano zuriyar maganadisu bai dace da gano kunkuntar tsagewa ba, musamman rufaffiyar fashe.
Aikace-aikace
An yafi amfani da shi don yin high quality carbon tsarin karfe, gami tsarin karfe da bakin zafi-resistant karfe sumul karfe bututu ga high matsa lamba da kuma sama tururi tukunyar jirgi bututu.
Yafi amfani da high matsa lamba da kuma high zafin jiki sabis na tukunyar jirgi (Superheater tube, reheater tube, iska jagora tube, babban tururi tube ga high da matsananci high matsa lamba boilers). Karkashin aikin iskar gas mai zafi mai zafi da tururin ruwa, bututun zai oxidize kuma ya lalata. Ana buƙatar cewa bututun ƙarfe yana da tsayi mai tsayi, babban juriya ga oxidation da lalata, da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau.
Babban Daraja
Grade na high quality-carbon tsarin karfe: 20g, 20mng, 25mng
Grade na gami tsarin karfe: 15mog, 20mog, 12crmog, 15crmog, 12cr2mog, 12crmovg, 12cr3movsitib, da dai sauransu
Grade na tsatsa-resistant zafi-resistant karfe: 1cr18ni9 1cr18ni11nb
Abubuwan Sinadari
Daraja | inganci Class | Kayan Kimiyya | ||||||||||||||
C | Si | Mn | P | S | Nb | V | Ti | Cr | Ni | Cu | Nd | Mo | B | Als" | ||
不大于 | 不小于 | |||||||||||||||
Q345 | A | 0.20 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.30 | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.012 | 0.10 | - | - | |||
B | 0.035 | 0.035 | ||||||||||||||
C | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.015 | ||||||||||
D | 0.18 | 0.030 | 0.025 | |||||||||||||
E | 0.025 | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||
Q390 | A | 0.20 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.3. | 0.50 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.10 | - | - |
B | 0.035 | 0.035 | ||||||||||||||
C | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0,015 | |||||||||||||
D | 0.030 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.025 | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||
Q42O | A | 0.20 | 0.50 | 1.70 | 0.035 | 0.035 | 0.07 | 0.2. | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.20 | - | - |
B | 0.035 | 0.035 | ||||||||||||||
C | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.015 | |||||||||||||
D | 0.030 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.025 | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||
Q46O | C | 0.20 | 0.60 | 1.80 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.005 | 0.015 |
D | 0.030 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.025 | 0.020 | ||||||||||||||
Q500 | C | 0.18 | 0.60 | 1.80 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.60 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.20 | 0.005 | 0.015 |
D | 0.025 | 0.015 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.020 | 0.010 | ||||||||||||||
Q550 | C | 0.18 | 0.60 | 2.00 | 0.025 | 0,020 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 0.005 | 0.015 |
D | 0.025 | 0,015 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.020 | 0.010 | ||||||||||||||
Q62O | C | 0.18 | 0.60 | 2.00 | 0.025 | 0.020 | 0.11 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 1.00 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.015 | 0.30 | 0.005 | 0.015 |
D | 0.025 | 0.015 | ||||||||||||||
E | 0.020 | 0.010 | ||||||||||||||
Ban da maki Q345A da Q345B, karfe ya kamata ya ƙunshi aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin ingantaccen abubuwan hatsi Al, Nb, V, da Ti. Dangane da buƙatun, mai siyarwa zai iya ƙara ɗaya ko fiye da abubuwan hatsi masu ladabi, matsakaicin ƙimar Ya kamata ya dace da buƙatun a cikin tebur. Lokacin da aka haɗa Nb + V + Ti <0.22% °Na Q345, Q390, Q420 da Q46O maki, Mo + Cr <0.30% fiye da 0.30%; lokacin da ake buƙatar ƙarawa, abun ciki ya kamata ya dace da abubuwan da ke cikin tebur ko kuma mai sayarwa da mai siye su ƙayyade ta hanyar shawarwari. ba za a yi ba. Idan an ƙara Al, Nb, V, Ti da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwal tare da ƙayyadaddun nitrogen a cikin ƙarfe, abun ciki na nitrogen bai iyakance ba. Ya kamata a ƙayyade abun ciki na gyaran nitrogen a cikin takardar shaidar inganci. Lokacin amfani da duk aluminum, jimlar aluminum abun ciki AIT ^ 0.020% B |
Kayan Injiniya
No | Daraja | Kayan Injiniya | ||||
|
| Tashin hankali | yawa | Tsawa | Tasiri (J) | Hannun hannu |
1 | 20G | 410- | ≥ | 24/22% | 40/27 | - |
2 | 20MnG | 415- | ≥ | 22/20% | 40/27 | - |
3 | 25MnG | 485- | ≥ | 20/18% | 40/27 | - |
4 | 15MoG | 450- | ≥ | 22/20% | 40/27 | - |
6 | 12CrMoG | 410- | ≥ | 21/19% | 40/27 | - |
7 | 15CrMoG | 440- | ≥ | 21/19% | 40/27 | - |
8 | 12Cr2MoG | 450- | ≥ | 22/20% | 40/27 | - |
9 | 12Cr1MoVG | 470- | ≥ | 21/19% | 40/27 | - |
10 | 12Cr2MoWVTiB | 540- | ≥ | 18/-% | 40/- | - |
11 | 10Cr9Mo1VNbN | ≥ | ≥ | 20/16% | 40/27 | ≤ |
12 | 10Cr9MoW2VNbBN | ≥ | ≥ | 20/16% | 40/27 | ≤ |
Hakuri
Kaurin bango da Diamita na Waje:
Idan babu buƙatu na musamman, bututu zai zama isarwa azaman diamita na waje na al'ada da kaurin bango na al'ada. Kamar yadda takardar ta biyo baya
Nadi nadi | Hanyar samarwa | Girman bututu | Hakuri | |||
Matsayi na al'ada | Babban daraja | |||||
WH | Hot Rolled (extrude) bututu | Diamita na waje na al'ada (D) ba | <57 | 0.40 | ± 0,30 | |
57 ~ 325 | SW35 | ± 0.75% D | ± 0.5% D | |||
S>35 | ± 1% D | ± 0.75% D | ||||
> 325 ~ 6. | + 1% D ko + 5. Dauki ƙaramin 一2 | |||||
>600 | + 1% D ko + 7, Dauki ƙarami ɗaya 一2 | |||||
Kaurin bango na al'ada (S) | <4.0 | ±|・丨) | ± 0.35 | |||
> 4.0-20 | + 12.5% S | ± 10% S | ||||
>20 | DV219 | ± 10% S | ± 7.5% S | |||
心219 | + 12.5% S -10% S | 土10% S |
WH | Thermal fadada bututu | Diamita na waje na al'ada (D) | duka | ± 1% D | ± 0.75% |
Kaurin bango na al'ada (S) | duka | + 20% S -10% S | + 15% S -io%s | ||
WC | Zane mai sanyi (birgima) Ppipe | Diamita na waje na al'ada (D) | <25.4 | ±'L1j | - |
> 25.4 〜 4 () | ± 0.20 | ||||
> 40 ~ 50 | |: 0.25 | - | |||
> 50 ~ 60 | ± 0.30 | ||||
>60 | ± 0.5% D | ||||
Kaurin bango na al'ada (S) | <3.0 | ± 0.3 | ± 0.2 | ||
> 3.0 | S | ± 7.5% S |
Tsawon:
A saba tsawon karfe bututu ne 4 000 mm ~ 12 000 mm. Bayan shawarwari tsakanin mai sayarwa da mai siye, da kuma cika kwangilar, ana iya isar da bututun ƙarfe tare da tsayi fiye da 12 000 mm ko ya fi guntu ni 000 mm amma ba ya fi guntu 3 000 mm; gajeren tsayi Yawan bututun ƙarfe da bai wuce 4,000 mm ba amma ƙasa da 3,000 mm ba zai wuce 5% na adadin bututun ƙarfe da aka kawo ba.
Nauyin bayarwa:
Lokacin da aka isar da bututun ƙarfe gwargwadon diamita na waje da kauri na bango mara kyau ko diamita na ciki da kauri maras tushe, ana isar da bututun ƙarfe gwargwadon nauyin na ainihi. Hakanan za'a iya isar da shi gwargwadon nauyin ma'auni.
Lokacin da aka isar da bututun ƙarfe gwargwadon diamita na waje da mafi ƙarancin kauri, ana isar da bututun ƙarfe gwargwadon nauyin gaske; bangarorin samar da bukatu suna tattaunawa. Kuma an nuna a cikin kwangilar. Hakanan za'a iya isar da bututun ƙarfe bisa ga nauyin ma'auni.
Haƙurin nauyi:
Dangane da buƙatun mai siye, bayan shawarwari tsakanin mai siye da mai siye, kuma a cikin kwangilar, ɓacin rai tsakanin ainihin nauyi da nauyin ma'auni na bututun ƙarfe na isar da bututu zai cika waɗannan buƙatu:
a) Bututun ƙarfe guda ɗaya: ± 10%;
b) Kowane tsari na bututun ƙarfe tare da ƙaramin girman 10 t: ± 7.5%.
Bukatar Gwaji
Gwajin Ruwa:
Yakamata a gwada bututun karfe ta hanyar ruwa daya bayan daya. Matsakaicin gwajin gwajin shine 20 MPa. A ƙarƙashin gwajin gwajin, lokacin tabbatarwa bai kamata ya zama ƙasa da 10 s ba, kuma bututun ƙarfe bai kamata ya zube ba.
Bayan mai amfani ya yarda, ana iya maye gurbin gwajin na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa ta gwajin eddy na yanzu ko gwajin kwararar ruwan maganadisu.
Gwajin mara lalacewa:
Bututun da ke buƙatar ƙarin dubawa ya kamata a bincikar ultrasonically daya bayan ɗaya. Bayan tattaunawar tana buƙatar izinin ƙungiyar kuma an ƙayyade a cikin kwangilar, ana iya ƙara wasu gwaje-gwaje marasa lalacewa.
Gwajin Lalacewa:
Tubes tare da diamita na waje fiye da 22 mm za a yi gwajin gwaji. Kada a ganuwa, fararen tabo, ko ƙazanta da ya kamata su faru yayin duk gwajin.
Gwajin Fitowa:
Dangane da bukatun mai siye kuma an bayyana a cikin kwangilar, bututun ƙarfe tare da diamita na waje ≤76mm da kauri bango ≤8mm ana iya yin gwajin flaring. Anyi gwajin a dakin da zafin jiki tare da taper na 60 °. Bayan flaring, ƙimar ƙimar diamita na waje ya kamata ya dace da buƙatun tebur mai zuwa, kuma kayan gwajin ba dole ba ne su nuna fashe ko rips.
Nau'in Karfe
| Matsakaicin diamita na waje na bututun ƙarfe /% | ||
Diamita na Ciki/Mai Girma | |||
<0.6 | 0.6 zuwa 0.8 | > 0.8 | |
High quality-carbon tsarin karfe | 10 | 12 | 17 |
Tsarin gami karfe | 8 | 10 | 15 |
• Ana ƙididdige diamita na ciki don samfurin. |