Wehe ʻia ka pahu paila ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua a loaʻa kahi ʻāpana hollow, ka lōʻihi a me ka puni o ke kila nui, e like me nā ʻano hana hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka paipu kila ʻole a me ka paipu kila welded, ka paipu kila me nā ana holoʻokoʻa (e like me ka anawaena paha lōʻihi) a me ka pā mānoanoa, i olelo mai ai kona nui laula mea laula loa, mai ka liʻiliʻi anawaena capillary a hiki i kekahi mau mika ke anawaena, nui anawaena paipu.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā paipu kila no ka paipu, nā mea wela, ka ʻoihana mīkini, ka ʻimi geological petroleum, nā ipu, ka ʻoihana kemika a me nā kumu kūikawā.

(1) Ke kila kila kila kila kiʻekiʻe 20G, 20MnG, 25MnG.

(2) Ke kila kila 15MoG, 20MoG, 12CrMoG, 15CrMoG, 12Cr2MoG, 12CrMoVG, 12Cr3MoVSiTiB, etc.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pahu boiler i ʻelua mau ʻāpana:GB/T3087-2018paipu boiler puʻe waena a me haʻahaʻa,GB/T5310-2018kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe boiler paipu. ʻO kā mākou huahana nui:

ASTMA210(A10M)-2012ʻO ka paila hao kalapona kalapona a me ka paipu kila ʻole ka superheater, ʻo ka mea nui ʻo SA210 GrA1, SA210GrC;

ASME SA106/SA-106M-2015, nā mea nui he GR.B gr.C;

ASME/SA SA – 213-213 – m, mea huila maʻamau: T11, T12, T22 a me T23, T91, P92, T5, T5b, T9, T21, T22, T17;

ASTM A335 / A335M - 2018, nā mea nui: P11, P12, P22, P5, P9, P23, P91, P92, P2, etc.