2021, ukuqhubeka nzulu uhlaziyo kwicala lonikezelo kushishino umbhobho yentsimbi yesakhiwo kwilizwe lethu, ukukhuthaza uhlaza inguqu kushishino carbon ephantsi, kunye notshintsho olukhulu kumgaqo-nkqubo wezoshishino yelizwe, ukuphumeza amandla okulawula, imveliso, aphelise zonke isaphulelo irhafu yokuthumela ngaphandle intsimbi, phantsi Imvelaphi yokufikelela kwikhabhoni ephindwe kabini, ukumelana nemfuno yokutshintsha imeko kokubini ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, ukuzama ukoyisa ixabiso lezinto zokuqala ubunzima obuphezulu, Ukwetyisa ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezinje ngeendleko zokunyuka okukhulu, ukufezekiswa “kokunciphisa ubungakanani nokuphucula umgangatho” wophuhliso olukumgangatho ophezulu, ukusebenza ngokubanzi kolu shishino kuzinzile, ukuze kuhlangatyezwane nemfuno yentsimbi yoshishino olusezantsi nokuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka nokuchacha koqoqosho lwesizwe kube negalelo elihle.

1 Ukuveliswa kombhobho wensimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo eChina

Ngokutsho kwedatha yemveliso yombhobho odityanisiweyo epapashwe yi-National Bureau of Statistics kunye neSebe lombhobho wentsimbi esekelwe kwidatha yemveliso yamashishini angamalungu ukuqikelela idatha yemveliso yombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuDisemba 2021, imveliso yesizwe yombhobho wentsimbi ye-853.62 yezigidi. iitoni, phantsi kwe-3.66%; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-78,811,600 yeetoni, phantsi kwe-4.33% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwazo, ukuveliswa kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo yeetoni ezizigidi ezingama-58.832, ehle nge-3.57% unyaka nonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-55.2763 yezigidi zeetoni, phantsi kwe-4.07% ngonyaka. Imveliso eqikelelweyo ye-tube yensimbi engenamthungo yi-26.80.00 yezigidi zeetoni, phantsi kwe-3.86% ngonyaka; Ukusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kwakuyi-23.5353 yezigidi zeetoni, kunye nokuhla konyaka ngonyaka nge-4.93%. Kuya kubonakala ukuba ngo-2021, umbhobho wentsimbi waseTshayina, umbhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo, ukuveliswa kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo kunye nokusetyenziswa okucacileyo kwehle unyaka nonyaka. Imveliso kunye nokusetyenziswa okubonakalayo kweemibhobho zetsimbi e-China kwi-2020-2021 iboniswe kwiThebhile 1 kunye noMfanekiso 1.

Ukusuka kuhlalutyo lwedatha yeenkcukacha-manani, ukusebenza ngokugudileyo kweshishini lombhobho wentsimbi yaseTshayina kwisiqingatha sokuqala sonyaka wama-2021, kodwa ukukhula kwemveliso kubonakala kumxinwa, xa kuthelekiswa nabachatshazelwa ngamaxabiso amaxabiso entsimbi kumazwe ngamazwe kwavuka kabukhali ngoMeyi, umbhobho, amaxabiso epleyiti avuka kabukhali. eye yatyhala amaxabiso entsimbi aphakama ngokukhawuleza, kodwa oku kuthenga impembelelo enkulu kushishino olusezantsi, yenza imfuno ebuthathaka. Ukongeza, imeko yoshishino lwentsimbi ukunciphisa iimfuno zemveliso yentsimbi ekrwada, nayo yachaphazela amashishini athile, ukuze ngo-2021, imveliso yombhobho yentsimbi yaseTshayina ibe luluhlu oluthile lokuhla.

2. Amaxabiso umbhobho Steel e China

Ukususela ngoNovemba 2020, ngenxa yokunyuka okubukhali kwamaxabiso ezinto eziphambili ezifana nentsimbi, amaxabiso e-billet kunye ne-strip steel e-China aye anyuka kakhulu, njengoko kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3, kunye namaxabiso ensimbi. imibhobho.

图

Ixabiso lexabiso lombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo, umbhobho odibeneyo kunye nombhobho owenziwe nge-galvanized e-China ukusuka kwi-2020 ukuya kwi-2021 iboniswe kuMfanekiso 4. Phakathi kwabo, ixabiso le-φ 219 mm × 10 mm inkcazo yombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo yenyuka ngokukhawuleza ukususela ngoNovemba 2020, ixabiso. wenyuka ukusuka 4645 yuan ukuya 6638 yuan ngoMeyi 2021 (lixabiso eliphezulu ukususela 2008), phezulu phantse 2000 yuan, phezulu 42.9%; Emva kukaMeyi ka-2021, ixabiso lehle laya kutsho kwi-6,160 yuan ngoJulayi, lehla phantse kwi-500 yuan, laza lenyuka laya kutsho kwi-6,636 yuan ngo-Okthobha (yesibini phezulu), laze lehla laya kutsho kwi-5,931 yuan ngoDisemba. Ixabiso liye lanyuka kwizinga eliphezulu ukususela ekuqaleni konyaka.

Unyaka wama-2021 ngowona nyaka ungcono kushishino lwentsimbi lwaseTshayina ukusukela ngo-2008, neenzuzo kushishino ziphuculwe kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, njengenye yeemveliso zentsimbi kunye neshishini lensimbi, umbhobho wensimbi awuzange uphuculwe kakhulu njengeplate, ibha, ucingo kunye neprofayili. Izizathu zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, nangona ixabiso lombhobho wensimbi liye laphakama ngokukhawuleza, ixabiso lombhobho wensimbi alizange likhuphuke ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu ngenxa yempembelelo yexabiso le-oyile ephantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lokubhida lombhobho we-oyile. Ixabiso lexabiso lombhobho wensimbi engenamthungo, ishidi elifakwe i-galvanized sheet, ishidi elishushu eliqengqelekayo kunye ne-rebar e-China ukusuka ngo-Epreli 2020 ukuya kuJanuwari 2022 kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5. Kuyabonakala ukuba ixabiso lephepha le-galvanized ngo-2021 liphezulu kakhulu kunelo lentsimbi engenamthungo. ityhubhu 300 ~ 750 yuan, kwaye ixabiso leentlobo ezimbini kweminye iminyaka liphezulu kwaye liphantsi, liguquguquka ngokubanzi malunga nama-yuan angama-200. Okwesibini, ngenxa yokunyuka okubukhali kwamaxabiso ezinto eziluhlaza kunye nezincedisayo, umehluko wexabiso phakathi kombhobho wensimbi kunye ne-billet uhlala kwinqanaba le-2020, kwaye umda wenzuzo yeemveliso awuphuculwanga kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, amashishini okuvelisa imibhobho ye-oyile, echatshazelwa lixabiso le-oyile eliphantsi kunye nexabiso eliphantsi lebhidi lombhobho we-oyile, ulawulo lwamashishini lunzima, uninzi lwamashishini lusekupheleni kwengeniso encinci okanye ilahleko, amashishini ngamanye asalahleka.

Kwi-2021, nangona urhulumente wahlengahlengisa kabini isaphulelo serhafu sokuthumela ngaphandle kweemveliso zetsimbi, ukwenzela ukuba irhafu yerhafu ibuyele kwi-0, kodwa umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle wombhobho wensimbi awuncitshiswa kodwa unyuke. Ezona zizathu ziphambili zezi zilandelayo: okokuqala, ngenxa yempembelelo ye-COVID-19, amanye amashishini emibhobho yentsimbi yangaphandle akakayiqalisi ngokupheleleyo imveliso, kwaye imakethi ibinqongophele kangangexesha elithile, kwaye amaxabiso emibhobho yentsimbi yamazwe ngamazwe ayenayo. anyuke kabukhali (amaxabiso ezinye iimveliso ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle aphezulu kunezasekhaya); Okwesibini, amashishini athumela ngaphandle axhalabile malunga namazwe alandelayo ukunyusa amaxabiso kwiimveliso ezithumela ngaphandle, ngoko ke ukwandisa, ukukhawulezisa amandla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, umthamo wezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwikota yesine unyuke kakhulu. NgoDisemba ka-2021, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi yaseTshayina kwaba yi-160.44% yomyinge weenyanga ezili-11 ezidlulileyo. Ngokukodwa, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweetyhubhu zetsimbi ezingenamthungo ngoDisemba kwakuyi-531,000 yeetoni, i-203.92 ipesenti yomyinge wokuthumela ngaphandle kweetoni ezingama-260,400 kwiinyanga ezili-11 zokuqala. Lo mkhwa uqhubekile kwikota yokuqala ka-2022.

3.2 Izinto eziphambili ezithunyelwa ngaphandle

Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs yaseChina, umbhobho wensimbi ongenamthungo waseChina uthumela ngaphandle ngo-2021 3.3952 yezigidi zeetoni, ukukhula konyaka-ngonyaka we-3.79%. Phakathi kwazo, ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho ngaphandle komthungo ibe yi-1.2743 yezigidi zeetoni, ezantsi nge-9.60% unyaka nonyaka; Ithubhu ye-oyile engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle i-906,200 yeetoni, inyuke nge-2.81% ngonyaka; Ithubhu yebhoyila engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle iitoni ezingama-151,800, ukwehla konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-15.22%; Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho edityanisiweyo ibe ziitoni ezingama-757,700, ehle nge-9.16% ngonyaka; Ukuthunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle kweetyhubhu ezidityanisiweyo ezinobume obukhethekileyo kunye nesikweri esixande zaziyi-1,325,400 yeetoni, ukunyuka nge-4.41% unyaka nonyaka. Ngo-2021, ngenxa yempembelelo yobhubhani wehlabathi jikelele we-COVID-19 kunye nezaphulelo zerhafu ezithunyelwa kumazwe angaphandle, umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kweentlobo ezintathu eziphambili zaseTshayina zemibhobho engenamthungo, umbhobho webhoyila ongenamthungo kunye nombhobho odityanisiweyo wehle kakhulu. Jonga iThebhile 3 kunye ne-7 yokuthunyelwa kweentlobo zemibhobho yensimbi ephambili e-China kwi-2020-2021.

3. Ukungenisa kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi e-China

3.1 Umthamo kunye nexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuthumela ngaphandle

Ngokutsho kwedatha ekhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs, kwi-2021, umbhobho wensimbi waseChina ungenisa ngaphandle kweetoni ezingama-349,600, phantsi kwe-7.21%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 3824 / t, ukuya kwi-12.71% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, i-tube yensimbi engenamthungo ethunyelwa ngaphandle kwe-130,500 t, phantsi kwe-13.80%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 5769 / t, ukuya kwi-13.32% ngonyaka. Umbhobho odityanisiweyo ungenisa iitoni ezingama-219,100, wehle nge-2.80%; Ixabiso lokungenisa eliphakathi laliyi-$ 2671 / t, ukuya kwi-18.31% ngonyaka. Ngo-2021, i-China yathumela ngaphandle kwe-7.17 yezigidi zeetoni zeetyhubhu zetsimbi, ukunyuka kwe-4.19% ngonyaka; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-1542 yeedola / t, ukuya kuma-36.5% ngonyaka. Phakathi kwabo, i-tube yensimbi engenamthungo ithumela ngaphandle kwe-3.3952 yezigidi zeetoni, i-3.79%; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-$1,508 /t, linyuke nge-23.67% unyaka nonyaka. Umthamo wombhobho odityanisiweyo kumazwe angaphandle wawuzizigidi ezi-3.7748 zeetoni, unyuke nge-4.55% ngonyaka; Umyinge wexabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle laliyi-$ 1573 / t, ukunyuka kwe-49.99% ngonyaka. Ngo-2021, umthamo wokungenisa umbhobho wentsimbi waseTshayina yi-0.41% kuphela yemveliso yombhobho wentsimbi, ixabiso lokuthumela ngaphandle kombhobho odityanisiweyo liphezulu kunombhobho wentsimbi ongenamthungo okokuqala. Jonga iThebhile 2 kunye neFigure 6 yokungenisa kunye nokuthunyelwa kwempahla kunye nomlinganiselo wepayipi yensimbi eChina ngo-2020-2021.

3.3 Amazwe aNgamanye amazwe naThumela ngaphandle

Ngo-2021, amazwe ali-10 aphezulu okuthunyelwa ngaphandle kombhobho wentsimbi e-China yi-South Korea, i-Indiya, i-UNITED Arab Emirates, i-Algeria, i-Thailand, i-Oman, i-Indonesia, iTurkey, iVietnam, i-Australia, abathengisi bemibhobho yentsimbi ye-welded ye-10 ephezulu yiPhilippines, Nigeria, EMyanmar, eOstreliya, eMzantsi Korea, ePeru, eChile, eIndonesia, eSingapore naseKhanada. Amazwe ekusingwa kuwo ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwemibhobho yentsimbi yase-China ikakhulu igxile kuMzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, kuMbindi Mpuma nakweminye imimandla, phakathi kwayo umzantsi-mpuma we-Asia, iGulf kunye neminye imimandla ithatha ngaphezu kwe-40% yokuthunyelwa kwe-China kumazwe angaphandle. Ngelixa eYurophu, kuMntla Melika, yenye yabathengi abaphambili bentsimbi, kodwa ukususela kwintlekele yezemali yehlabathi ngo-2008, lo mmandla uyaqhubeka nokuqalisa uphando lweyeza zorhwebo lombhobho wentsimbi kwilizwe lethu, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngoku ukuya kummandla wentsimbi. akhawunti tube ngaphantsi kwe 6%, China inkulu kumazwe angaphandle iintlobo ezimbini (oyile kakuhle umbhobho, umbhobho line) phantse kula mazwe kunye nemimandla. Umthamo wokuthumela ngaphandle kombhobho wensimbi waseChina ngokwelizwe okanye ummandla ngo-2020-2021 uboniswe kuMfanekiso 8.