Ixabiso eliphantsi API 5L ASTM A106gr. B ASTM A53gr. B Astma312 TP304 316 API5CT N80 J55 K55 Carbon Umthungo wombhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo
Ukukhula kwethu kuxhomekeke kwiimveliso ezigqwesileyo, iitalente ezinkulu kunye nokomeleza ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla etekhnoloji ngexabiso eliphantsi kwexabiso API 5L ASTM A106gr. B ASTM A53gr. B Astma312 TP304 316 API5CT N80 J55 K55 Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Tube, Njengeqela elinamava sikwazamkela iiodolo ezenziweyo. Eyona njongo yefemu yethu kukwakha inkumbulo eyanelisayo kubo bonke abathengi, kwaye iseke uqhagamshelo lwexesha elide lokuwina-win ishishini elincinci.
Ukukhula kwethu kuxhomekeke kwiimveliso eziphezulu, iitalente ezinkulu kunye neteknoloji eyomeleziweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyoChina Carbon Steel kunye Hot Rolled, Iimveliso eziphambili zenkampani yethu zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela; I-80% yeemveliso zethu ezithunyelwa eMelika, eJapan, eYurophu nakwezinye iimarike. Zonke izinto ezamkelekileyo ngokunyanisekileyo iindwendwe ziza kutyelela umzi-mveliso wethu.
Isishwankathelo
| Umgangatho: API 5CT | Ingxubevange okanye Hayi: Hayi |
| IQela leBakala: J55,K55,N80,L80,P110, njl | Isicelo: Oiled&Casing Pipe |
| Ukutyeba: 1 – 100 mm | Unyango loMphezulu: Njengemfuno yomthengi |
| Ububanzi bangaphandle (Umjikelezo): 10 - 1000 mm | Ubuchwephesha:Hot Rolled |
| Ubude: R1,R2,R3 | Unyango lobushushu: Ukucima kunye nokuQinisekisayo |
| Ubume beCandelo: Round | Umbhobho okhethekileyo: Ukudibanisa okufutshane |
| Indawo yemvelaphi: eTshayina | Ukusetyenziswa: I-oyile kunye negesi |
| Isiqinisekiso: ISO9001:2008 | Uvavanyo: NDT |
Isicelo
Faka umbhobhoApi5ctubukhulu becala isetyenziselwa ukugrumba ioli kunye nerhasi kunye nokuthuthwa kweoyile nerhasi. I-oil casing isetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuxhasa udonga lwe-borehole ngexesha nasemva kokugqitywa kwequla ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo komthombo kunye nokugqitywa komthombo.
IBanga eliPhambili
IBakala:J55,K55,N80,L80,P110, njl
ICandelo leMichiza
| IBanga | Uhlobo | C | Mn | Mo | Cr | Ni | Cu | P | s | Si | ||||
| imiz | max | imiz | max | imiz | max | imiz | max | max | max | max | max | max | ||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
| H40 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | - |
| J55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | - |
| K55 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | - |
| N80 | 1 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.03 | - |
| N80 | Q | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.03 | - |
| I-R95 | - | - | 0.45 c | - | 1.9 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.45 |
| L80 | 1 | - | 0.43 a | - | 1.9 | - | - | - | - | 0.25 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.45 |
| L80 | 9Kr | - | 0.15 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0 90 | 1.1 | 8 | 10 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1 |
| L80 | 13Kr | 0.15 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 1 | - | - | 12 | 14 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 1 |
| C90 | 1 | - | 0.35 | - | 1.2 | 0.25 b | 0.85 | - | 1.5 | 0.99 | - | 0.02 | 0.03 | - |
| T95 | 1 | - | 0.35 | - | 1.2 | 0.25 b | 0.85 | 0 40 | 1.5 | 0.99 | - | 0 020 | 0.01 | - |
| C110 | - | - | 0.35 | - | 1.2 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.99 | - | 0.02 | 0.005 | - |
| P1I0 | e | - | 一 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.030 e | 0.030 e | - |
| QI25 | 1 | - | 0.35 | 1.35 | - | 0.85 | - | 1.5 | 0.99 | - | 0.02 | 0.01 | - | |
| QAPHELA Izinto ezibonisiweyo ziya kuxelwa kuhlalutyo lwemveliso | ||||||||||||||
| a Umxholo wekhabhoni we-L80 unokunyuswa ukuya kwi-0.50% ephezulu ukuba imveliso i-oyile-icinyiwe okanye i-polymer-icinyiwe. | ||||||||||||||
| b Umxholo we-molybdenum kwiBanga le-C90 Uhlobo loku-1 alunanyamezelo luncinci ukuba ubukhulu bodonga bungaphantsi kwe-17.78 mm. | ||||||||||||||
| c Ikhabhoni ye-R95 inokunyuswa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.55% ubukhulu ukuba imveliso iyacinywa yi-oyile. | ||||||||||||||
| d Umxholo we-molybdenum we-T95 Uhlobo loku-1 lunokwehliswa ukuya kwi-0.15% ubuncinci ukuba ubukhulu bodonga bungaphantsi kwe-17.78 mm. | ||||||||||||||
| e-EW kwiBanga le-P110, umxholo we-phosphorus uya kuba ngu-0.020% ubuninzi kunye ne-sulphur content ibe ngu-0.010% ubuninzi. | ||||||||||||||
IPropati yoomatshini
| IBanga | Uhlobo | Ukwandiswa okupheleleyo phantsi komthwalo | Unikeze Amandla | Tensile strength | Ukuqinaa,c | Ubungqingqwa boDonga obucacisiweyo | Ukwahluka koBulukhuni obuvumelekileyob | ||
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| imiz | max |
| HRC | HBW | mm | HRC |
| H40 | - | 0.5 | 276 | 552 | 414 | - | - | - | - |
| J55 | - | 0.5 | 379 | 552 | 517 | - | - | - | - |
| K55 | - | 0.5 | 379 | 552 | 655 | - | - | - | - |
| N80 | 1 | 0.5 | 552 | 758 | 689 | - | - | - | - |
| N80 | Q | 0.5 | 552 | 758 | 689 | - | - | - | - |
| I-R95 | - | 0.5 | 655 | 758 | 724 | - | - | - | - |
| L80 | 1 | 0.5 | 552 | 655 | 655 | 23.0 | 241.0 | - | - |
| L80 | 9Kr | 0.5 | 552 | 655 | 655 | 23.0 | 241.0 | - | - |
| L80 | l3Cr | 0.5 | 552 | 655 | 655 | 23.0 | 241.0 | - | - |
| C90 | 1 | 0.5 | 621 | 724 | 689 | 25.4 | 255.0 | ≤12.70 | 3.0 |
| 12.71 ukuba 19.04 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| 19.05 ukuba 25.39 | 5.0 | ||||||||
| ≥25.4 | 6.0 | ||||||||
| T95 | 1 | 0.5 | 655 | 758 | 724 | 25.4 | 255 | ≤12.70 | 3.0 |
| 12.71 ukuba 19.04 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| 19.05 ukuba 25.39 | 5.0 | ||||||||
| ≥25.4 | 6.0 | ||||||||
| C110 | - | 0.7 | 758 | 828 | 793 | 30.0 | 286.0 | ≤12.70 | 3.0 |
| 12.71 ukuba 19.04 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| 19.05 ukuba 25.39 | 5.0 | ||||||||
| ≥25.4 | 6.0 | ||||||||
| P110 | - | 0.6 | 758 | 965 | 862 | - | - | - | - |
| Q125 | 1 | 0.65 | 862 | 1034 | 931 | b | - | ≤12.70 | 3.0 |
| 12.71 ukuba 19.04 | 4.0 | ||||||||
| 19.05 | 5.0 | ||||||||
| aKwimeko yempikiswano, uvavanyo lobulukhuni belabhoratri iRockwell C luya kusetyenziswa njengendlela kasompempe. | |||||||||
| bAkukho mida yobunzima obuchaziweyo, kodwa ukuhluka okuphezulu kuthintelwe njengolawulo lokuvelisa ngokuhambelana ne-7.8 kunye ne-7.9. | |||||||||
| cKwiimvavanyo zokuqina eludongeni zamaBakala L80 (zonke iindidi), C90, T95 no-C110, iimfuno ezichazwe kwisikali se-HRC zezobuninzi benani lobunzima obuphakathi. | |||||||||
Imfuneko yoVavanyo
Ukongeza ekuqinisekiseni ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye neempawu zemishini, iimvavanyo ze-hydrostatic zenziwa nganye nganye, kwaye iimvavanyo ze-flaring kunye ne-flattening ziyenziwa. . Ukongezelela, kukho iimfuno ezithile ze-microstructure, ubukhulu bengqolowa, kunye ne-decarburization layer yombhobho wensimbi ogqityiweyo.
Uvavanyo lwe-Tensile:
1. Kwimpahla yentsimbi yeemveliso, umenzi kufuneka enze uvavanyo lwe-tensile. Kumbhobho odityanisiweyo wombane, odityanisiweyo kukhetho lomenzi, uvavanyo lwe-tensile lunokwenziwa kwipleyiti yentsimbi eyayisetyenziselwa ukwenza umbhobho okanye i-perfomred kumbhobho wentsimbi ngokuthe ngqo. Uvavanyo olwenziweyo kwimveliso lunokusetyenziswa njengovavanyo lwemveliso.
2. Iityhubhu zovavanyo ziya kukhethwa ngokungenamkhethe. Xa iimvavanyo ezininzi zifunwa, indlela yesampulu iya kuqinisekisa ukuba iisampuli ezithathiweyo zingamela ukuqala kunye nokuphela komjikelezo wokunyanga ukushisa (ukuba kuyasebenza) kunye neziphelo zombini ityhubhu. Xa iimvavanyo ezininzi zifuneka, ipateni iya kuthathwa kwiityhubhu ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuba isampuli yetyhubhu ejiyileyo inokuthatyathwa kwiziphelo zombini zetyhubhu.
3. Isampulu yombhobho engenamthungo ingathathwa nakweyiphi na indawo kwisangqa sombhobho; isampula yombhobho odityanisiweyo kufuneka ithathwe malunga ne-90 ° ukuya kwi-weld seam, okanye ngokukhetha umenzi. Iisampulu zithathwa malunga nekota yobubanzi bomcu.
4. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngaphambi nangemva kovavanyo, ukuba ukulungiswa kwesampuli kufunyenwe kunesiphako okanye kukho ukungabikho kwezinto ezingabalulekanga ngenjongo yovavanyo, isampuli inokuchithwa kwaye ithathelwe indawo enye isampuli eyenziwe kwi-tube efanayo.
5. Ukuba uvavanyo lwe-tensile olumele ibhetshi yeemveliso alufezekisi iimfuno, umenzi unokuthatha ezinye iibhubhu ezi-3 kwibhetshi enye yeetyhubhu ukuze ziphinde zihlolwe.
Ukuba zonke ii-retests zeesampuli zihlangabezana neemfuno, i-batch ye-tubes ifanelekile ngaphandle kwe-tube engafanelekanga eyayiyisampuli yasekuqaleni.
Ukuba ngaphezulu kwesampulu enye isampuliwe ekuqaleni okanye enye okanye iisampuli ezininzi zokuvavanya kwakhona azifikeleli kwiimfuno ezichaziweyo, umenzi unokuhlola ibhetshi yeetyhubhu nganye nganye.
Ibhetshi ekhatyiweyo yeemveliso inokuphinda ifudunyezwe kwaye iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde isetyenziswe njengebhetshi entsha.
Uvavanyo lokucaba:
1. Isampula yovavanyo iya kuba yiringi yovavanyo okanye isiphelo esisikiwe esingekho ngaphantsi kwe-63.5mm (2-1 / 2in).
2. Iisampulu zinokunqunyulwa ngaphambi kokuba unyango lobushushu, kodwa ngokuxhomekeke kunyango olufanayo lobushushu njengoko umbhobho umelwe. Ukuba uvavanyo lwebhetshi lusetyenzisiwe, amanyathelo aya kuthathwa ukuchonga ubudlelwane phakathi kwesampulu kunye netyhubhu yesampula. Isithando somlilo ngasinye kwibhetshi nganye kufuneka sityunyuzwe.
3. Lo mzekelo uya kucandwa phakathi kweepleyiti ezimbini ezihambelanayo. Kwiseti nganye yemizekelo yovavanyo olucaba, enye iweld yacandwa kwi-90 ° kwaye enye yacandwa ku-0 °. I-specimen iya kunqunyulwa de iindonga zetyhubhu zidibanise. Ngaphambi kokuba umgama phakathi kweeplati ezihambelanayo ungaphantsi kwexabiso elichaziweyo, akukho kuphazamiseka okanye ukuphuka kufuneka kubonakale kuyo nayiphi na inxalenye yepateni. Ngethuba lenkqubo yonke yokucwenga, akufuneki kubekho isakhiwo esibi, i-welds engaxutywanga, i-delamination, i-metal overburning, okanye i-extrusion yensimbi.
4. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngaphambi nangemva kovavanyo, ukuba ukulungiswa kwesampuli kufunyenwe kunesiphako okanye kukho ukungabikho kwezinto ezingabalulekanga ngenjongo yovavanyo, isampuli inokuchithwa kwaye ithathelwe indawo enye isampuli eyenziwe kwi-tube efanayo.
5. Ukuba nayiphi na isampuli emele ityhubhu ayihlangabezani neemfuno ezichaziweyo, umenzi unokuthatha isampuli ukusuka ekupheleni kwetyhubhu yovavanyo olongezelelweyo de iimfuno zifezekiswe. Nangona kunjalo, ubude bombhobho ogqityiweyo emva kwesampuli akumele bube ngaphantsi kwe-80% yobude bokuqala. Ukuba nayiphi na isampuli yetyhubhu emele ibhetshi yeemveliso ayihambelani neemfuno ezichaziweyo, umenzi unokuthatha iityhubhu ezimbini ezongezelelweyo kwibhetshi yeemveliso kwaye anqumle iisampuli zokuvavanya kwakhona. Ukuba iziphumo zolu vavanyo kwakhona zonke ziyahlangabezana neemfuno, ibhetshi yeetyhubhu ifanelekile ngaphandle kwetyhubhu ekhethwe ekuqaleni njengesampulu. Ukuba nayiphi na iisampulu zokuvavanya kwakhona ayihlangabezani neemfuno ezikhankanyiweyo, umenzi unokusampula iibhubhu eziseleyo zebhetshi nganye nganye. Kwinketho yomenzi, nayiphi na ibhetshi yeetyhubhu inokuphinda iphathwe ngokushushu kwaye iphinde ihlolwe njengebhetshi entsha yeetyhubhu.
Uvavanyo lwempembelelo:
1. Kwimibhobho, isethi yeesampuli iya kuthathwa kwiqashiso ngalinye (ngaphandle kokuba iinkqubo ezibhaliweyo zibonakaliswe ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokulawula). Ukuba umyalelo ulungiswe kwi-A10 (SR16), uvavanyo lunyanzelekile.
2. Kwi-casing, iipayipi zensimbi ezi-3 kufuneka zithathwe kwibhetshi nganye kwiimvavanyo. Iityhubhu zokuvavanya ziya kukhethwa ngokungenamkhethe, kwaye indlela yesampulu iya kuqinisekisa ukuba iisampulu ezibonelelweyo zinokumela ukuqala kunye nokuphela komjikelezo wokunyanga ubushushu kunye neziphelo zangaphambili nasemva komkhono ngexesha lonyango lobushushu.
3. Uvavanyo lwempembelelo ye-Charpy V-notch
4. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngaphambi nangemva kovavanyo, ukuba ukulungiswa kwesampuli kufunyenwe kunesiphako okanye kukho ukungabikho kwezinto ezingabalulekanga ngenjongo yovavanyo, isampuli inokuchithwa kwaye ithathelwe indawo enye isampuli eyenziwe kwi-tube efanayo. Iisampulu akufuneki kuthiwe inesiphene ngenxa nje yokuba ingahlangabezani nobuncinane obufunekayo bamandla afunxayo.
5. Ukuba isiphumo sesampulu esingaphezulu kwesinye singaphantsi kobuncinci bemfuno yamandla afunxayo, okanye isiphumo sesampulu esinye singaphantsi kwe-2/3 yemfuno ekhankanyiweyo encinci yamandla, iisampulu ezintathu ezongezelelweyo ziya kuthatyathwa kwisiqwenga esinye kwaye iphinde yavavanywa. Amandla empembelelo yomzekelo ngamnye ophinde wavavanywa ayakuba mkhulu okanye alingane nobona buncinane bemfuno efunliweyo yamandla.
6. Ukuba iziphumo zovavanyo oluthile azihlangabezani neemfuno kwaye iimeko zovavanyo olutsha azihlangabezwanga, ngoko ke iisampulu ezintathu ezongezelelweyo zithathwa kwelinye lamanye amaqhekeza amathathu ebhetshi. Ukuba zonke iimeko ezongezelelweyo ziyahlangabezana neemfuno, ibhetshi ifanelekile ngaphandle kwaleyo ayiphumelelanga ekuqaleni. Ukuba ngaphezu kwesinye isiqwenga sokuhlola esongezelelweyo asihambelani neemfuno, umenzi unokukhetha ukuhlola iziqwenga eziseleyo zebhetshi nganye nganye, okanye ahlaziye ibhetshi kwaye ayihlole kwibhetshi entsha.
7. Ukuba ngaphezulu kwenye yezinto ezintathu zokuqala ezifunekayo ukubonisa ibhetshi yeziqinisekiso ziyakhatywa, ukuhlolwa kwakhona akuvumelekanga ukubonisa ubungqina bokuba ibhetshi yeetyhubhu ifanelekile. Umenzi unokukhetha ukuhlola iibhetshi eziseleyo isiqwenga ngeqhekeza, okanye aphinde afudumale ibhetshi kwaye ayihlole kwibhetshi entsha.
Uvavanyo lweHydrostatic:
1. Umbhobho ngamnye uya kufakwa kuvavanyo loxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic yombhobho wonke emva kokuqina (ukuba kufanelekile) kunye nonyango lokugqibela lobushushu (ukuba kufanelekile), kwaye luya kufikelela kuxinzelelo oluchaziweyo lwe-hydrostatic ngaphandle kokuvuza. Uxinzelelo lovavanyo lokubamba ixesha lenziwe ngaphantsi kwe-5s. Kwimibhobho edibeneyo, i-welds yemibhobho iya kuhlolwa ukuvuza phantsi koxinzelelo lovavanyo. Ngaphandle kokuba uvavanyo lonke lombhobho lwenziwe ubuncinane kwangaphambili kuxinzelelo olufunekayo kwimeko yokuphela kombhobho, i-factory processing thread kufuneka yenze uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic (okanye ulungiselele uvavanyo olunjalo) kumbhobho wonke.
2. Imibhobho yokuphathwa kobushushu iya kufakwa kuvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic emva kokunyanga kobushushu bokugqibela. Uxinzelelo lovavanyo lwayo yonke imibhobho eneziphelo ezinemisonto iya kuba ubuncinane uxinzelelo lovavanyo lwemisonto kunye nokudibanisa.
3 .Emva kokucutshungulwa kubungakanani bombhobho ogqityiweyo we-flat-end kunye naziphi na iinqununu ezimfutshane eziphethwe ukushisa, uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic luya kwenziwa emva kokuphela kweflethi okanye intambo.
Ukunyamezelana
Idayamitha engaphandle:
| Uluhlu | Tolerane |
| ＜4-1/2 | ±0.79mm (±0.031in) |
| ≥4-1/2 | +1% OD~-0.5% OD |
Kwityhubhu edibeneyo ejiyileyo enobungakanani obuncinci okanye obulingana no-5-1 / 2, ukunyamezela kulandelayo kusebenza kwidayamitha engaphandle yomzimba wombhobho kumgama omalunga ne-127mm (5.0in) ecaleni kwendawo ejiyileyo; Ukunyamezela kulandelayo kusebenza kwi-diameter yangaphandle yetyhubhu ngaphakathi komgama ophantse ulingane nobubanzi bombhobho ngokukhawuleza omelene nenxalenye edibeneyo.
| Uluhlu | Ukunyamezelana |
| ≤3-1/2 | +2.38mm~-0.79mm (+3/32in~-1/32in) |
| ＞3-1/2~≤5 | +2.78mm~-0.75%OD（+7/64in~-0.75%OD） |
| ＞5~≤8 5/8 | +3.18mm~-0.75%OD (+1/8in~-0.75%OD) |
| ＞8 5/8 | +3.97mm~-0.75%OD (+5/32in~-0.75%OD) |
Kwityhubhu ejiyileyo yangaphandle enobungakanani be-2-3 / 8 nangaphezulu, ukunyamezela kulandelayo kusebenza kwidayamitha yangaphandle yombhobho otyebileyo kwaye ubukhulu buguquka ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ekupheleni kombhobho.
| Rang | Ukunyamezelana |
| ≥2-3/8~≤3-1/2 | +2.38mm~-0.79mm (+3/32in~-1/32in) |
| ＞3-1/2~≤4 | +2.78mm~-0.79mm (+7/64in~-1/32in) |
| ＞4 | +2.78mm~-0.75%OD（+7/64in~-0.75%OD） |
Ukutyeba kodonga:
Ukunyamezela kobunzima bodonga oluchaziweyo lombhobho yi-12.5%
Ubunzima:
Uluhlu olulandelayo luyimfuneko yokunyamezela ubunzima. Xa ubuncinci obuchaziweyo bodonga obukhulu bukhulu okanye bulingana ne-90% yobukhulu bodonga obuchaziweyo, umda ophezulu wokunyamezela ubunzima bengcambu enye kufuneka unyuswe ukuya kwi-10%
| Ubungakanani | Ukunyamezelana |
| Iqhekeza elinye | +6,5~-3.5 |
| Ubunzima bomthwalo wesithuthi≥18144kg(40000lb) | -1.75% |
| Ubunzima bomthwalo wesithuthi (18144kg) (40000lb) | -3.5% |
| Ubungakanani beodolo≥18144kg(40000lb) | -1.75% |
| Ubungakanani beodolo (18144kg) (40000lb) | -3.5% |
Iinkcukacha zeMveliso
IMibhobho yePetroleum yoKwakha imibhobho
API 5L
I-API 5CT
Ukukhula kwethu kuxhomekeke kwiimveliso ezigqwesileyo, iitalente ezinkulu kunye nokomeleza ngokuphindaphindiweyo amandla etekhnoloji ngexabiso eliphantsi kwexabiso API 5L ASTM A106gr. B ASTM A53gr. B Astma312 TP304 316 API5CT N80 J55 K55 Carbon Seamless Steel Pipe Tube, Njengeqela elinamava sikwazamkela iiodolo ezenziweyo. Eyona njongo yefemu yethu kukwakha inkumbulo eyanelisayo kubo bonke abathengi, kwaye iseke uqhagamshelo lwexesha elide lokuwina-win ishishini elincinci.
Ixabiso eliphantsiChina Carbon Steel kunye Hot Rolled, Iimveliso eziphambili zenkampani yethu zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwihlabathi liphela; I-80% yeemveliso zethu ezithunyelwa eMelika, eJapan, eYurophu nakwezinye iimarike. Zonke izinto ezamkelekileyo ngokunyanisekileyo iindwendwe ziza kutyelela umzi-mveliso wethu.
